Solid-state Fermentation for Production of Bio-coagulant on Rice Bran using Candida utilis, Trichoderma sp., Phanerochaete chrysosporium for Turbidity Removal

Radhia Nedjai; Abdullah Al Mamun; Md Zahangir Alam

doi:10.31436/iiumej.v27i2.4154

Authors

Radhia Nedjai International Islamic University Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9929-2757
Abdullah Al Mamun International Islamic University Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7324-5514
Md Zahangir Alam International Islamic University Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6491-3218

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v27i2.4154

Keywords:

Bio-Coagulant, Rice bran substrate, Large-scale, Solid-state fermentation, Turbidity removal

Abstract

Solid-state fermentation is a microbial culture technique used to produce compounds and products of industrial interest. In this study, rice bran, a by-product of the rice processing industry, was used as a coagulant substrate for Candida utilis, Trichoderma sp., and Phanerochaete chrysosporium in solid-state fermentation (SSF). To the best of our knowledge, no study has reported the production of coagulants by Trichoderma sp. and Candida utilis. Moreover, no attempts have been made to utilize rice bran as a substrate for the production of coagulants in solid-state by these three microorganisms. Two different substrate proportions were used to produce natural coagulants. Bio-coagulants produced in this research were used to remove turbidity from the kaolin solution. The experiments were conducted with artificially turbid water and a conventional jar test apparatus. The findings demonstrate that Substrate 2, distinguished by its lower water content, exhibited the highest turbidity removal efficiency compared to Substrate 1, which possessed higher water content. Moreover, Trichoderma sp. showed a maximum turbidity removal of 71%. While the maximum turbidity removal by the coagulants produced from C. utilis and P. chrysosporium was 59 %. The microscopic observation of the microorganism’s growth on rice bran substrate has also been performed. It was revealed that the three microorganisms fully colonized the substrate surface. Further optimization of the SSF process parameters is expected to achieve efficient turbidity reduction in wastewater.

ABSTRAK: Penapaian keadaan pepejal ialah teknik kultur mikrob yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan sebatian dan produk yang mempunyai kepentingan industri. Dalam kajian ini, dedak padi, iaitu hasil sampingan daripada industri pemprosesan beras, digunakan sebagai substrat koagulan bagi Candida utilis, Trichoderma sp., dan Phanerochaete chrysosporium dalam penapaian keadaan pepejal (solid-state fermentation, SSF). Sepanjang pengetahuan kami, belum terdapat kajian yang melaporkan penghasilan koagulan oleh Trichoderma sp. dan Candida utilis. Selain itu, belum ada usaha yang dilaporkan untuk memanfaatkan dedak padi sebagai substrat bagi penghasilan koagulan secara keadaan pepejal oleh ketiga-tiga mikroorganisma ini. Dua nisbah substrat yang berbeza telah digunakan untuk menghasilkan koagulan semula jadi. Bio-koagulan yang dihasilkan dalam kajian ini digunakan untuk menyingkirkan kekeruhan daripada larutan kaolin. Eksperimen dijalankan menggunakan air keruh buatan dan radas ujian balang konvensional. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa Substrat 2, yang dicirikan oleh kandungan air yang lebih rendah, mempamerkan kecekapan penyingkiran kekeruhan yang paling tinggi berbanding Substrat 1 yang mempunyai kandungan air lebih tinggi. Selain itu, Trichoderma sp. menunjukkan penyingkiran kekeruhan maksimum sebanyak 71%, manakala penyingkiran kekeruhan maksimum oleh koagulan yang dihasilkan daripada C. utilis dan P. chrysosporium ialah 59%. Pemerhatian mikroskopik terhadap pertumbuhan mikroorganisma pada substrat dedak padi juga telah dijalankan, dan menunjukkan bahawa ketiga-tiga mikroorganisma tersebut telah mengkolonikan permukaan substrat sepenuhnya. Pengoptimuman lanjut terhadap parameter proses SSF dijangka dapat mencapai pengurangan kekeruhan yang lebih berkesan dalam air sisa.

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