Prevalence of Loneliness, Anxiety, and Depression among Older People Living in Long-Term Care: A Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31436/ijcs.v1i1.44Keywords:
anxiety, aged, depression, loneliness, prevalenceAbstract
Objective: The aim of this paper was to review prevalence rates of loneliness, anxiety, and depression among older people living in long-term care settings such as residential aged care facilities, nursing homes and assisted living facilities. Method: A systematic search of the literature was conducted using several electronic databases including Medline, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane library. Results: In total, 18 articles met the inclusion criteria for this review. The results indicated that the prevalence rates of loneliness (56% to 95.5%), anxiety (3.6% to 38%), and depression (11% to 85.5%) in older people living in long-term care settings are generally high. Conclusion: Further research on effective methods of reducing these symptoms is recommended.
References
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32. Hawthorne G. Measuring Social Isolation in Older Adults: Development and Initial Validation of the Friendship Scale. An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement. 2006;77(3):521-48.
33. Snaith RP, Baugh SJ, Clayden AD, Husain A, Sipple MA. The Clinical Anxiety Scale: an instrument derived from the Hamilton Anxiety Scale. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science. 1982;141:518.
34. Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An Inventory for Measuring Clinical Anxiety: Psychometric Properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1988;56(6):893-7.
35. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1983;67(6):361-70.
36. Sheikh JI, Yesavage JA. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): Recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clinical Gerontology. 1986;5(1-2):165-73.
37. Minimum Data Set Plus Training Manual. Natick, MA: Eliot Press; 1991.
38. Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL, Lum O, Huang V, Adey M, et al. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1982;17(1):37-49.
39. Radloff LS. The CES-D Scale. Applied Psychological Measurement. 1977;1(3):385-401.
40. Copeland JR, Dewey ME, Griffiths-Jones HM. A computerized psychiatric diagnostic system and case nomenclature for elderly subjects: GMS and AGECAT. Psychological Medicine. 1986;16(1):89-99.
2. Wiles JL, Leibing A, Guberman N, Reeve J, Allen RES. The meaning of "aging in place" to older people. Gerontologist. 2012;52(3):357-66.
3. Nikmat AW, Hashim NA, Omar SA, Razali S. Depression And Loneliness/Social Isolation Among Patients With Cognitive Impairment In Nursing Home. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry. 2015;16(2):222-31.
4. Hodgson N, Freedman VA, Granger DA, Erno A. Biobehavioral correlates of relocation in the frail elderly: Salivary cortisol, affect, and cognitive function. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2004;52(11):1856.
5. Pitkala KH. Loneliness in Nursing Homes. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2016;17(8):680-1.
6. Holwerda TJ, Van Tilburg TG, Deeg DJH, Schutter N, Van R, Dekker J, et al. Impact of loneliness and depression on mortality: results from the Longitudinal Ageing Study Amsterdam. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2016.
7. Ong A, Uchino B, Wethington E. Loneliness and Health in Older Adults: A Mini-Review and Synthesis. Gerontology. 2016;62:443-9.
8. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. 5 ed2013.
9. Singh A, Misra N. Loneliness, depression and sociability in old age. Industrial Psychiatry Journal. 2009;18(1):51-5.
10. Luppa M, Sikorski C, Luck T, Ehreke L, Konnopka A, Wiese B, et al. Age- and gender-specific prevalence of depression in latest-life – Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of affective disorders. 2012;136(3):212-21.
11. Wolitzky-Taylor KB, Castriotta N, Lenze EJ, Stanley MA, Craske MG. Anxiety disorders in older adults: a comprehensive review. Depression Anxiety. 2010;27(2):190-211.
12. Seitz D, Purandare N, Conn D. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among older adults in long-term care homes: a systematic review. International Psychogeriatrics. 2010;22(7):1025-39.
13. Drageset J, Kirkevold M, Espehaug B. Loneliness and social support among nursing home residents without cognitive impairment: a questionnaire survey. International journal of nursing studies. 2011;48(5):611-9.
14. Neville C, Teri L. Anxiety, anxiety symptoms, and associations among older people with dementia in assisted-living facilities. International journal of mental health nursing. 2011;20(3):195-201.
15. Drageset J, Eide GE, Ranhoff AH. Anxiety and depression among nursing home residents without cognitive impairment. Scandinavian journal of caring sciences. 2013;27(4):872-81.
16. Khairudin R, Nasir R, Zainah AZ, Fatimah Y, Fatimah O. Depression, Anxiety and Locus of
Control among Elderly with Dementia. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities. 2011;19:27-31.
17. Jayasinghe N, Rocha LP, Sheeran T, Wyka K, Bruce ML. Anxiety Symptoms in Older Home Health Care Recipients: Prevalence and Associates. Home Health Care Services Quarterly. 2013;32(3):163-77.
18. Al-Jawad M, Rashid AK, Narayan KA. Prevalence of undetected cognitive impairment and depression in residents of an elderly care home. Medical Journal of Malaysia. 2007;62(5):375.
19. Brown MN, Lapane KL, Luisi AF. The Management of Depression in Older Nursing Home Residents. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2002;50(1):69-76.
20. Hoover DR, Siegel M, Lucas J, Kalay E, Gaboda D, Devanand DP, et al. Depression in the first year of stay for elderly long-term nursing home residents in the U.S.A. International Psychogeriatrics. 2010;22(7):1161-71.
21. Ku YC, Liu WC, Tsai YF. Prevalence and risk factors for depressive symptoms among veterans home elders in Eastern Taiwan. International journal of geriatric psychiatry. 2006;21(12):1181-6.
22. Levin CA, Wei W, Akincigil A, Lucas JA, Bilder S, Crystal S. Prevalence and treatment of diagnosed depression among elderly nursing home residents in Ohio. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2007;8(9):585-94.
23. Lin PC, Wang HH, Huang HT. Depressive symptoms among older residents at nursing homes in Taiwan. Journal of clinical nursing. 2007;16(9):1719-25.
24. Lun Chow ES, Hei Kong BM, Po Wong MT, Draper B, Lin KL, Sabrina Ho SK, et al. The prevalence of depressive symptoms among elderly Chinese private nursing home residents in Hong Kong. International journal of geriatric psychiatry. 2004;19(8):734-40.
25. McDougall FA, Matthews FE, Kvaal K, Dewey ME, Brayne C. Prevalence and symptomatology of depression in older people living in institutions in England and Wales.(Clinical report). Age and Ageing. 2007;36(5):562.
26. Tsai YF. Self-Care Management and Risk Factors for Depressive Symptoms Among Elderly Nursing Home Residents in Taiwan. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2006;32(2):140-7.
27. Normala R, Azlini C, Nurul Jannah MJ, Lukman ZM. The Prevalence of Depression and Its Risk Factors among Malay Elderly in Residential Care. American Journal of Applied Sciences. 2014;11(9):1456-62.
28. Goud AA, Nikhade NS. Prevalence of depression in older adults living in old age home. International Archives of Integrated Medicine. 2015;2(11):1-5.
29. Khaw C, Teo C, Rashid A. Cognitive Impairment And Depression Among Residents Of An Elderly Care Home In Penang, Malaysia. The Internet Journal of Psychiatry. 2009;1(1).
30. Shahar S, Hassan J, Sundar VV, Kong AY, Ping Chin S, Ahmad SA, et al. Determinants of depression and insomnia among institutionalized elderly people in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2011;4(3):188-95.
31. Cutrona CE, Russel DW. The provisions of social relationships and adaptation to stress. Advances in Personal Relationships. Greenwich: Jai Press; 1987. p. 37-67.
32. Hawthorne G. Measuring Social Isolation in Older Adults: Development and Initial Validation of the Friendship Scale. An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement. 2006;77(3):521-48.
33. Snaith RP, Baugh SJ, Clayden AD, Husain A, Sipple MA. The Clinical Anxiety Scale: an instrument derived from the Hamilton Anxiety Scale. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science. 1982;141:518.
34. Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An Inventory for Measuring Clinical Anxiety: Psychometric Properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1988;56(6):893-7.
35. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1983;67(6):361-70.
36. Sheikh JI, Yesavage JA. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): Recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clinical Gerontology. 1986;5(1-2):165-73.
37. Minimum Data Set Plus Training Manual. Natick, MA: Eliot Press; 1991.
38. Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL, Lum O, Huang V, Adey M, et al. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1982;17(1):37-49.
39. Radloff LS. The CES-D Scale. Applied Psychological Measurement. 1977;1(3):385-401.
40. Copeland JR, Dewey ME, Griffiths-Jones HM. A computerized psychiatric diagnostic system and case nomenclature for elderly subjects: GMS and AGECAT. Psychological Medicine. 1986;16(1):89-99.
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Published
2018-02-02
How to Cite
Elias, S. M. S. (2018). Prevalence of Loneliness, Anxiety, and Depression among Older People Living in Long-Term Care: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARE SCHOLARS, 1(1), 39–43. https://doi.org/10.31436/ijcs.v1i1.44
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