Ozonation of Vegetable Oils and Study on Their Physicochemical and Biological Characteristics

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v26i2.3410

Keywords:

Ozonated vegetable oil, Virgin coconut oil, Red Palm Oil, antibacterial activity., Killing rate, Characterization

Abstract

Free ozone offers significant benefits in biological applications due to its efficacy as a disinfectant, but toxicity and instability are associated with it. Hence, producing ozonated vegetable oil (OVO) has been explored as a potential solution, yielding stable ozonation by-products with medical potential, such as antimicrobial activity. Several studies have explored OVO's characteristics and biological effects, including olive oil, sunflower oil, and canola oil. However, optimizing ozonation conditions is still lacking, with many other types of vegetable oils yet to be studied. This research comprises three phases: i) ozonation of selected oils: red palm oil (RPO), rice bran oil (RBO), peanut oil (PO), and virgin coconut oil (VCO), ii) screening for the most effective OVO against three bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli), and iii) physicochemical testing. Results show increased peroxide and acidity values in most OVO and a decrease in iodine value compared to untreated oil. Ozonated virgin coconut oil (OVCO) exhibits the highest antibacterial activity by showing a zone of inhibition of 11.3 mm and 84.35% killing rate at 30 minutes incubation time, particularly against S. aureus. Further optimization using Design Expert®6.0.8 software identifies the most effective ozonation conditions for OVCO, achieving a peak killing rate of 100% against S. aureus with 360 mins of ozone exposure and ozone flow rates of  1 l/min. Kinetic studies confirm rapid bacterial eradication, with over 90% of S. aureus killed by OVCO within 2 mins. Moreover, OVCO proved to be non-toxic to human foreskin fibroblast (HFF1) cells, maintaining 80% viability even after exposure to 1 mg/ml OVCO treated with ozone for 120 and 240 mins. These findings underscore the promising medical potential of OVCO, particularly in treating skin diseases.

ABSTRAK: Ozon bebas menawarkan manfaat signifikan dalam aplikasi biologi disebabkan keberkesanannya sebagai bahan pembasmi kuman, namun ia turut dikaitkan dengan ketoksikan dan ketidakstabilan. Oleh itu, penghasilan minyak sayuran berozon (OVO) telah diteroka sebagai potensi penyelesaian, menghasilkan hasil sampingan ozonasi yang stabil dengan potensi perubatan seperti aktiviti antimikrob. Beberapa kajian telah meneliti ciri-ciri dan kesan biologi OVO termasuk minyak zaitun, minyak bunga matahari, dan minyak kanola. Namun, proses pengoptimuman keadaan ozonasi masih belum lengkap dan banyak lagi jenis minyak sayuran belum dikaji. Kajian ini terdiri daripada tiga fasa: i) ozonasi minyak terpilih iaitu minyak sawit merah (RPO), minyak dedak padi (RBO), minyak kacang tanah (PO), dan minyak kelapa dara (VCO), ii) saringan keberkesanan OVO terhadap tiga jenis bakteria (Staphilokokus aureus, Basillus subtilis, dan Escherichia coli), dan iii) ujian fisikokimia. Keputusan menunjukkan peningkatan nilai peroksida dan keasidan dalam kebanyakan OVO serta penurunan nilai iodin berbanding minyak yang tidak dirawat. Minyak kelapa dara berozon (OVCO) menunjukkan aktiviti antibakteria tertinggi dengan zon perencatan berdiameter 11.3 mm dan kadar pembunuhan bakteria sebanyak 84.35% dalam masa inkubasi 30 minit, khususnya terhadap S. aureus. Pengoptimuman lanjut menggunakan perisian Design Expert®6.0.8 mengenal pasti keadaan ozonasi paling berkesan bagi OVCO, dengan pencapaian kadar pembunuhan maksimum 100% terhadap S. aureus pada pendedahan ozon selama 360 minit dan kadar aliran ozon 1 l/min. Kajian kinetik mengesahkan penghapusan bakteria yang pantas, dengan lebih 90% S. aureus dibunuh oleh OVCO dalam masa 2 minit. Tambahan, OVCO terbukti tidak toksik terhadap sel fibroblas kulit manusia (HFF1), dengan mengekalkan 80% daya hidup walaupun selepas pendedahan kepada 1 mg/ml OVCO yang dirawat ozon selama 120 dan 240 minit. Penemuan ini menekankan potensi perubatan OVCO, khususnya dalam merawat penyakit kulit.

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Author Biographies

Dzun Noraini Jimat, International Islamic University Malaysia

Dzun Noraini Jimat is an Associate Professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering and Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, IIUM Gombak Campus. 

Azlin Suhaida Azmi, International Islamic University Malaysia

Azlin Suhaida Azmi is an Associate Professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering and Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, IIUM Gombak Campus. 

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Published

2025-05-15

How to Cite

Rosdi, N. A., Ahmad Nor, Y., Jimat, D. N., Azmi, A. S., & Jawaher, B. M. (2025). Ozonation of Vegetable Oils and Study on Their Physicochemical and Biological Characteristics. IIUM Engineering Journal, 26(2), 12–26. https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v26i2.3410

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Chemical and Biotechnology Engineering

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