Identification of the Rhizopus sp. Fungi as an Alternative Lactic Acid Production Source

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v26i2.3293

Keywords:

DNA sequencing of ITS region, DNA PCR sequencing, Fungal-based polymer production, lactic acid production, molecular identification of fungi

Abstract

The search for eco-friendly alternatives to conventional petroleum-based materials has intensified in an era marked by a growing global awareness of environmental sustainability. This study addresses the critical need for molecular identification and characterization of fungi sourced from a tempeh commercial starter culture for their potential role in fungal-based polymer production. The problem is the limited knowledge and understanding of the genetic composition of these fungi and their suitability for lactic acid (LA) production, which is a crucial component of fungal-based polymer manufacturing. This research examined the tempeh starter culture fungi to identify suitable strains for LA production. The fungi were genotyped by DNA sequencing of the ITS region. The study revealed that the Ragi tempeh commercial starter culture contained only one strain of Rhizopus (R. microsporus), which was verified through ITS rRNA sequencing with 99.8% similarity to the GenBank database, simplifying control over fungal growth and potentially leading to consistent biomaterial yields. The method employed, involving DNA PCR (and sequencing of the ITS region, proved to be accurate, straightforward, and not excessively labor-intensive. The PCR conditions were as follows: initial denaturation at 98°C for 2 min, followed by 25 cycles of denaturation (98°C for 15 seconds), annealing (60°C for 30 seconds), and elongation (72°C for 30 seconds), with a final extension at 72°C for 10 min. Consequently, the consistent presence of only one Rhizopus species in commercial starter cultures of tempeh presents a promising avenue for sustainable biomaterial production, particularly in LA production. The pilot flask setup at 1 × 10? spores/mL was inoculated into 150 mL shake flasks with 1.2 g/mL glucose, incubated at 37°C for 1 to 7 days with 100 rpm shaking, yielding 1.037 g/g after 5 days, demonstrating the feasibility of using this strain for industrial applications.

ABSTRAK: Dalam era yang semakin menekankan kesedaran global terhadap kelestarian alam sekitar, pencarian alternatif mesra alam kepada bahan berasaskan petroleum konvensional semakin giat dijalankan. Kajian ini menangani keperluan kritikal untuk mengenal pasti dan mencirikan kulat secara molekul daripada kultur pemula komersial tempeh bagi potensi penggunaannya dalam penghasilan asid laktik (LA), komponen penting dalam pembuatan polimer berasaskan kulat. Masalah utama yang dibincangkan ialah kekurangan pengetahuan dan pemahaman mengenai komposisi genetik kulat ini serta kesesuaiannya untuk sintesis LA. Kajian ini menumpukan kepada pemeriksaan kulat dari kultur pemula tempeh bagi mengenal pasti strain yang sesuai untuk pengeluaran LA. Penjujukan DNA kawasan internal transcribed spacer (ITS) digunakan untuk mengenal pasti genotip kulat tersebut. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa kultur pemula komersial Ragi tempeh hanya mengandungi satu strain sahaja, iaitu Rhizopus microsporus (disahkan melalui penjujukan ITS rRNA dengan 99.8% kesamaan dengan pangkalan data GenBank). Kehadiran satu spesies ini memudahkan kawalan pertumbuhan kulat dan berpotensi meningkatkan konsistensi hasil pengeluaran. Kaedah yang digunakan melibatkan PCR DNA dan penjujukan kawasan ITS, yang terbukti tepat, mudah, serta tidak terlalu memerlukan tenaga kerja yang banyak. Keadaan PCR adalah seperti berikut: penyahdenaturan awal pada suhu 98°C selama 2 minit, diikuti 25 kitaran yang terdiri daripada penyahdenaturan (98°C, 15 saat), pengannealan (60°C, 30 saat), dan pemanjangan (72°C, 30 saat), dengan pemanjangan akhir pada 72°C selama 10 minit. Kehadiran spesies Rhizopus yang konsisten dalam kultur pemula tempeh komersial membuka peluang yang menjanjikan untuk pengeluaran asid laktik yang mampan. Penggunaan susunan flask perintis pada suhu 30°C menghasilkan 1.037 g/g selepas 5 hari, membuktikan potensi strain ini untuk aplikasi industri.

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Author Biographies

Ainil Hawa Jasni, International Islamic University Malaysia

Ainil Hawa Jasni, a former graduate of Monash University (MU) and National Defence University of Malaysia (NDUM). Currently she is working on her PhD journey at Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia. She obtained her Bachelor of Science in Biotechnology from MU and Master of Science in Biology from NDUM. She had been working under the area of nanotechnology, material science, biotechnology in military applications including microbiology, biosensor, proteomic, and electrospinning since 2013.

Azlin Suhaida Azmi, International Islamic University Malaysia

Dr. Azlin Suhaida Azmi, a graduate of the Widener University, Pennsylvania, USA, started her career as a chemist at First Malaysia Coating Sdn. Bhd. in Mac 1999. In September 1999, she received an offer from University Technology PETRONAS (UTP) and worked as a trainee lecturer. She continued her study in MSc in Process Integration at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), in 2001.
In early 2002, she was back at UTP and was appointed and served as a lecturer until October 2006. In November 2006, she moved to the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) as a lecturer. She pursued her studies at the University of Malaya (UM), in December 2007 and obtained her PhD. Bioprocess in Chemical Engineering in 2012. Currently, she is attached as an Associate Professor to the Department of Chemical Engineering and Sustainability. 

Noor Illi Mohamad Puad, International Islamic University Malaysia

Noor Illi Mohamad Puad graduated with B. Eng (Biochemical-Biotechnology) (Honours) from International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) in 2007. She was then appointed as an Assistant Lecturer at the Department of Biotechnology Engineering, in the same year. Later in 2011, she obtained her Ph.D in Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science from the University of Manchester, UK.
Her research interests are mainly in Plant Cell Culture Technology, Flux Balance Analysis, Kinetic Modelling and Simulation, Plant Secondary Metabolite and Natural Products, Bioprocess and Renewable Energy. She has taught various courses such as Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fluid Mechanics, Separation Processes for Biological Products, Separation Processes I and Biopharmaceutical Engineering as well as the coordinator for Biotechnology Engineering Laboratory 2 (Thermodynamics), Seminar and Final Year Project 1.
She is the coordinator for Plant Biotechnology Laboratory and also a member of the Welfare Committee and Curriculum Review Committee in the Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, IIUM. She has been assigned several secretarial tasks at the departmental as well as the university level. Presently, she is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering.

Fathilah Ali, International Islamic University Malaysia

PhD (Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering), KAIST, South Korea 2013 MSc (Fine Chemical Engineering), Hanyang University, South Korea 2008 BSc (Chemical Engineering), Hanyang University, South Korea 2006 Member, American Chemical Society (ACS)  .

 

Yusilawati Ahmad Nor, International Islamic University Malaysia

Yusilawati Ahmad Nor obtained her qualifications of Chemical and Biological Science (Nanotechnology) for her Doctor of Philosophy from University of Queensland and she acquired her Biotechnology Engineering Masters Degree from the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). She is now working as an Assistant Professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering & Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering IIUM.

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Published

2025-05-15

How to Cite

Jasni, A. H., Azmi, A. S., Mohamad Puad, N. I., Ali, F., & Ahmad Nor, Y. (2025). Identification of the Rhizopus sp. Fungi as an Alternative Lactic Acid Production Source. IIUM Engineering Journal, 26(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v26i2.3293

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Chemical and Biotechnology Engineering

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