A Comprehensive Framework of Ant Colony Optimisation for Optimal Control of Upper Extremity Rehabilitation Robot

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v27i2.4134

Keywords:

Anti Colony Optimization, Rehabilitation Robot, PID, Ziegler Nichols

Abstract

Passive rehabilitation of the upper limb requires precise joint positioning to facilitate motor recovery and ensure patient safety. For a two-degree-of-freedom (DOF) elbow robot, the primary challenge is unwanted disturbances arising from human coupling and voluntary and involuntary forces applied by the subject. This study addresses this issue by proposing a comprehensive control framework based on a nature-inspired meta-heuristic approach. The robot dynamics were obtained using the Lagrangian formulation, which was then combined with a realistic actuator model, yielding a closed-loop transfer function that describes system behavior. A two-degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) PID controller was used as the position controller. To determine the optimal PID parameters, an ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm is used with an appropriate performance index to select the PID parameter values. The resulting ACO-based PID controller showed significant improvement over the conventional Ziegler–Nichols (Z-N) approach, as it could reject significant patient-induced forces, maintain the joint trajectory with the reference, and remain stable even under perturbations. Simulations were performed, confirming that the optimized controller delivers smooth, precise movements, reduces tracking error, and enhances the safety of passive rehabilitation procedures.

ABSTRAK: Pemulihan secara pasif di bahagian anggota atas pesakit memerlukan kedudukan sendi yang tepat bagi memudahkan pemulihan motor pesakit daripada bahaya atau cedera. Manakala pada robot siku dua darjah kebebasan (DOF), cabaran utama ialah mengelakkan gangguan yang tidak diingini oleh manusia dan daya sukarela atau tidak sukarela yang dikenakan oleh subjek. Kajian ini mencadangkan rangka kerja kawalan komprehensif berdasarkan pendekatan meta-heuristik yang diilham oleh alam semula jadi. Dinamik robot diwujudkan dengan menggunakan rumusan Lagrangian, diikuti dengan gabungan model penggerak realistik, agar dapat menghasilkan fungsi pemindahan gelung tertutup yang boleh menggambarkan tingkah laku sistem. Pengawal PID 2-DOF pula digunakan sebagai pengawal kedudukan. Bagi mencapai parameter optimum PID, algoritma Pengoptimuman Koloni-Semut (ACO) digunakan dengan indeks prestasi yang sesuai agar dapat memilih PID paling optimum. Pengawal PID berasaskan ACO yang terhasil mengatasi pendekatan Ziegler Nichols (Z-N) konvensional, kerana ia mempunyai keupayaan menolak daya teraruh pesakit yang ketara sambil mengekalkan trajektori bersama rujukan dan kekal stabil walaupun ketika gangguan. Simulasi yang dijalankan dalam kajian ini mengesahkan bahawa pengawal yang dioptimumkan berjaya mencapai pergerakan yang lebih lancar, tepat, seterusnya mengurangkan ralat pengesanan serta mempromosi keselamatan prosedur pemulihan pasif.

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Published

2026-05-10

How to Cite

Joyo, M. K., Ahmad, I., Abdul Kadir, K., Khan, T. A., & Noaman, N. M. (2026). A Comprehensive Framework of Ant Colony Optimisation for Optimal Control of Upper Extremity Rehabilitation Robot. IIUM Engineering Journal, 27(2), 529–544. https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v27i2.4134

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Section

Mechatronics and Automation Engineering

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