Stability and Control of Humanoid Robots during Walking and Sudden Stops on Uneven Terrain using Inverted Pendulum Modeling and Fuzzy-enhanced Linear Quadratic Regulator
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v27i1.3587Keywords:
Humanoid robots, LQR, fuzzy logic controlAbstract
Humanoid robots, designed to resemble human structure with a head, arms, and legs, stand out among various robot types due to their ability to interact with human-designed environments. Their kinematic structure, composed of links connected by joints, enables humanoid robots to perform tasks such as walking on uneven terrain, lifting objects, and opening doors. Walking is a critical function for humanoid robots, but it shifts their center of mass (CoM), which can lead to instability and falls. The inverted pendulum model is a widely used approach to humanoid robot walking, particularly on uneven surfaces, enabling CoM projection and balance adjustment. However, disturbances from floor unevenness, mechanical issues, and other factors can still cause the robot to fall. This underscores the need for effective control systems to stabilize movement and maintain balance. The Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) is a suitable control approach for humanoid robots, particularly in multiple-input, multiple-output systems. It stabilizes the robot while managing computational load, generating complex humanoid movements through linear approximations. To address uncertainties and adapt control gains, fuzzy control can be integrated, thereby enabling smoother transitions and improved disturbance handling. When walking on uneven terrain, a humanoid robot's body orientation may shift, causing the CoM to exceed tolerance limits and leading to falls. Thus, a control system that adjusts the walking pattern to maintain CoM stability is essential. In conclusion, humanoid robots, with their human-like structure, can perform complex tasks in human environments. Control systems, such as LQR and fuzzy control, are critical for maintaining balance and stability, even under challenging conditions, thereby enabling humanoid robots to keep their trajectory and prevent falls.
ABSTRAK: Robot seperti manusia (humanoid), direka menyerupai struktur manusia dengan kepala, lengan, dan kaki, menonjol dalam pelbagai jenis robot kerana keupayaannya berinteraksi dengan persekitaran yang direka oleh manusia. Struktur kinematiknya, terdiri daripada pautan yang dihubungkan oleh sendi, membolehkan robot humanoid melakukan tugas seperti berjalan di permukaan tidak rata, mengangkat objek, dan membuka pintu. Berjalan adalah fungsi penting robot humanoid, tetapi pergerakan mengubah pusat jisim (CoM), menyebabkan ketidakstabilan dan jatuh. Model bandul terbalik adalah pendekatan biasa digunakan bagi robot humanoid berjalan, terutama pada permukaan tidak rata, membolehkan unjuran CoM dan pelarasan keseimbangan. Namun, gangguan ketidaksamaan permukaan lantai, masalah mekanikal, dan faktor lain masih boleh menyebabkan robot jatuh. Ini menunjukkan keperluan pada sistem kawalan berkesan yang menstabilkan pergerakan dan mengekalkan keseimbangan. Regulator Kuadratik Linear (LQR) adalah pendekatan kawalan sesuai untuk robot humanoid, terutama dalam sistem masukan dan keluaran berganda. Ia menstabilkan robot sambil menguruskan beban pengiraan, menghasilkan pergerakan humanoid yang kompleks melalui pendekatan linear. Bagi menangani ketidakpastian dan menyesuai keuntungan kawalan, kawalan kabur boleh diintegrasikan, menjadikan peralihan lebih lancar dan pengendalian gangguan lebih baik. Apabila berjalan di permukaan tidak rata, orientasi badan robot humanoid mungkin berubah, menyebabkan CoM bergerak melebihi had toleransi, yang mengakibatkan jatuh. Oleh itu, sistem kawalan penyesuaian corak berjalan bagi mengekalkan kestabilan CoM adalah penting. Kesimpulannya, robot humanoid, dengan struktur seperti manusia, dapat melakukan tugas kompleks dalam persekitaran manusia. Sistem kawalan seperti LQR dan kawalan kabur adalah penting bagi memastikan keseimbangan dan kestabilan, walaupun dalam keadaan mencabar, membolehkan robot humanoid mengekalkan trajektori mereka dan mencegah jatuh.
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