Design Optimization and Structural Evaluation of a Hybrid Frame for Next-Generation Electric Scooters

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v27i2.4068

Keywords:

Electric scooter, hybrid chassis, trellis frame, finite element analysis, packaging constraints

Abstract

The increasing adoption of electric scooters has introduced unique challenges in chassis design, where packaging constraints imposed by predefined outer shells often conflict with structural efficiency. This study presents the conceptual design, structural analysis, and validation of a hybrid chassis tailored for an electric scooter within such constraints. The frame integrates a step-through central region with a trellis-inspired rear subframe and a reinforced headstock. Three design iterations were modeled in SolidWorks and evaluated using finite element analysis (ANSYS) for static loads (1–3G), fatigue under cyclic loading, equivalent static impact loads, and modal behavior. Analytical stress checks and literature comparisons supported the simulations. Under 3G static loading, the final steel frame exhibited a maximum deformation of 3.16 mm with a minimum factor of safety of 1.48. Fatigue analysis predicted a life of 1.75 × 10? cycles, while modal analysis confirmed the first natural frequency at 28.56 Hz, above the expected excitation frequencies, and thus free from resonance. Although crash simulations showed localized yielding in severe impacts, the frame maintained integrity under operational conditions. These findings demonstrate that high structural performance can be achieved within strictly styling-defined packaging envelopes, validating the hybrid trellis–step-through configuration for electric scooters.

ABSTRAK: Peningkatan penggunaan skuter elektrik telah menyebabkan cabaran unik pada reka bentuk casis, di mana kekurangan pada pembungkusan, yang ditentukan oleh struktur luaran, sering bercanggah dengan kecekapan struktur. Kajian ini membentangkan reka bentuk konseptual, analisis struktur, dan pengesahan bagi casis hibrid yang direka khusus untuk skuter elektrik. Rangka casis ini mengintegrasi bahagian tengah jenis telus langkah  dengan subrangka belakang berinspirasi jalaran serta stok kepala yang diperkukuh. Tiga iterasi reka bentuk dimodel menggunakan SolidWorks dan dinilai melalui analisis unsur terhingga menggunakan ANSYS bagi beban statik (1–3G), keletihan di bawah beban berkitar, beban impak statik setara, serta tingkah laku mod. Pengesahan analitikal terhadap tegasan serta perbandingan dengan kajian terdahulu turut menyokong dapatan simulasi. Di bawah beban statik 3G, rangka keluli akhir menunjukkan ubah bentuk maksimum sebanyak 3.16 mm dengan faktor keselamatan minimum 1.48. Analisis keletihan meramalkan jangka hayat sebanyak 1.75 × 10? kitaran, manakala analisis mod mengesahkan frekuensi asli pertama pada 28.56 Hz, iaitu melebihi frekuensi yang diuji dan bebas resonans. Walaupun simulasi perlanggaran menunjukkan luluh setempat di bawah impak teruk, rangka masih kukuh ketika beroperasi. Dapatan ini menunjukkan bahawa prestasi struktur yang tinggi boleh dicapai dalam persekitaran pembungkusan yang ketat berasaskan reka bentuk estetik, sekaligus mengesahkan keberkesanan konfigurasi hibrid jalaran–telus langkah pada skuter elektrik.

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Published

2026-05-10

How to Cite

Sridhar R, Math, M. M., Chakraborty, S., Sourabha H, Gog, V. S., & Jeevathith R. (2026). Design Optimization and Structural Evaluation of a Hybrid Frame for Next-Generation Electric Scooters. IIUM Engineering Journal, 27(2), 451–466. https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v27i2.4068

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Section

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering