Analytical and Flight Test-Based Dynamic Characteristic Identification of a Small Fixed-Wing UAV

Authors

  • Eries Bagita Jayanti National Research and Innovation Agency https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7969-6300
  • Yazdi Ibrahim Jenie Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3464-3162
  • Ardian Rizaldi Research Center for Aeronautics Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia; Aerospace Engineering, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0858-4587
  • Novita Atmasari Research Center for Aeronautics Technology
  • Fuad Surastyo Pranoto Research Center for Aeronautics Technology

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v27i2.4013

Keywords:

Dynamic Characteristic Identification, Dynamic Modelling, Flight Test, UAV

Abstract

Reliable and efficient UAV flight control design requires accurate knowledge of the vehicle’s dynamic characteristics, which are rarely provided by manufacturers and must therefore be determined independently. These characteristics can be obtained through analytical calculations, wind tunnel testing, and flight testing. However, in small UAV development, the process is often simplified by skipping directly to flight tests for control tuning, without first examining the underlying dynamic behavior. To address this gap, this research compares the dynamic characteristics derived from analytical calculations and flight testing. The case study focuses on BRIN’s bMFE-UAV, in which longitudinal and lateral/directional dynamics are identified using control-surface deflections as inputs and measured responses of speed, altitude, attitude, acceleration, and rotational rate as outputs. Results reveal consistent oscillatory behaviors: two oscillatory modes in longitudinal dynamics and, in lateral/directional dynamics, one oscillatory mode accompanied by two non-oscillatory modes. Only the damping ratio of the short-period mode showed close agreement (<10% difference), while other parameters exhibited substantial discrepancies. The discrepancies demonstrate the limitations of analytical methods in accurately reflecting real flight dynamics, reinforcing the necessity of flight testing to ensure reliable data for small UAV flight-control design.

ABSTRAK: Reka bentuk kawalan penerbangan UAV yang boleh dipercayai dan cekap memerlukan pengetahuan tepat pada ciri dinamik kenderaan. Ianya jarang didapati daripada pengeluar dan oleh itu mesti ditentukan secara bebas. Ciri-ciri ini boleh diperolehi melalui pengiraan analitika, ujian terowong angin, dan ujian penerbangan. Walau bagaimanapun, dalam pembangunan UAV kecil, prosesnya sering dipermudahkan dengan melangkau terus ke ujian penerbangan bagi kawalan penalaan, tanpa terlebih dahulu memeriksa tingkah laku dinamik. Kajian ini bertujuan membandingkan ciri dinamik yang diperoleh daripada pengiraan analitika dan ujian penerbangan. Kajian kes memfokuskan pada bMFE-UAV BRIN, di mana dinamik membujur dan sisi/arah dikenal pasti menggunakan pesongan permukaan kawalan sebagai input dan tindak balas diukur pada kelajuan, ketinggian, sikap, pecutan dan kadar putaran sebagai hasil pengeluaran. Dapatan mendapati tingkah laku berayun yang konsisten: dua mod berayun dalam dinamik membujur dan dalam dinamik sisi/arah, satu mod berayun disertai dengan dua mod bukan berayun. Hanya nisbah redaman mod jangka pendek menunjukkan perbezaan terdekat (iaitu <10%), manakala parameter lain menunjukkan ralat yang besar. Ralat menunjukkan batasan kaedah analisis dalam mencerminkan dinamik penerbangan sebenar, mengukuhkan keperluan ujian penerbangan bagi memastikan data boleh dipercayai untuk reka bentuk kawalan penerbangan UAV kecil.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Dimitriadis G., Panagiotou P., Dimopoulos T., & Yakinthos K. (2024). Aerodynamic Stability Derivative Calculations Using the Compressible Source and Doublet Panel Method. Journal of Aircraft, 61(4), 1034-1046. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.C037747.

Okhovatian S., & Koukounian V. (2024). Using Empirical Data to Validate the Role of Computational Fluid Dynamics in Various Stages of Aero-Acoustic Simulations. Canadian Acoustics - Acoustique Canadienne, 52(1). https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0026809.

Liu Y. (2023). Harnessing CFD Modeling Techniques for Optimizing Automotive Streamlines and Reducing Aerodynamic Drag. Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology. https://doi.org/10.54097/v25ka918.

Olejnik A., Dziubi?ski A., & Kiszkowiak ?. (2021). Reliable method of aerodynamic analysis using computational fluid dynamics and scaled models in the development process of a Very Light Airplane. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (1), 1024. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1024/1/012048.

Tai S., Bu C., Wang Y., Yue T., Liu H., & Wang L. (2024). Identification of aircraft longitudinal aerodynamic parameters using an online corrective test for wind tunnel virtual flight. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 37(9), 261-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2024.05.031.

Corneliu S., Burghiu M., Trandafir E., Apostol E., Nica A., Pana A., Balasa R., Curt D., Defta S., Vajaiac E., Pirvu C. (2023). Wind Tunnel Testing of a Common Research Model. INCAS Research Challenges in Aerospace Technologies. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-1017

Benyamen H., Benjamin S. Mays. Chowdhury M., Keshmiri S., & Mark S. (2023). Analysis of Aircraft Simulation Validity in Different Flight Conditions. International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUAS57906.2023.10156586.

Xu S., Bi W., Zhang A., & Mao Z. (2022). Optimization of flight test tasks allocation and sequencing using genetic algorithm. Applied Soft Computing, 115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2021.108241.

Weishaeupl A. B., Scanlan J., & Sobester A. (2023). Flight Test Driven Development of Low Cost UAVs - Pitfalls and Opportunities. AIAA 2023-1739. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-1739.

Mohd Shah H. N., Mohamad Sebir M. A., Abdollah M. F., Baharon M. R., Ahmad A., & Ali Arshad M. (2023). Develop and Design Small Scale UAV. Modern Applied Science, 17(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v17n2p49.

Jategaonkar R. V. (2006). Flight Vehicle System Identification (978-1-62410-279-0 ed.).

Klein V., & Morelli E. A. (2006). Aircraft System Identification: Theory and Practice.

Wang L., Zhao R., & Zhang Y. (2022). Aircraft Lateral-Directional Aerodynamic Parameter Identification and Solution Method Using Segmented Adaptation of Identification Model and Flight Test Data. Aerospace, 9(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9080433.

Ali S., Hassan O., Gopalakrishnan A., Muriyan A., & Francis S. (2022). Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: A Literature Review. Hunan Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences, 49(7), 96-113. https://doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.49.7.11.

Dias J. N. (2023). Flight-Test Determination of Longitudinal Stability Using System Identification. Journal of Aircraft, 60(5), 1659-1674. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.C037252.

Fighter Hand launch fixed wing [https://diydrones.com/profiles/blogs/fighter-hand-throw-fixed-wing].

Roskam J. (2001). Airplane Flight Dynamics and Automatic Flight Controls - Part 1.

Departments and Agencies of the Department of Defense. (1980). Military Specification Flying Qualities of Piloted Airlines.

Li H. (2024). Aerodynamic parameter identification method of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), (p. 115). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3039610.

Chicco D., Warrens M. J., & Jurman G. (2021). The coefficient of determination R-squared is more informative than SMAPE, MAE, MAPE, MSE and RMSE in regression analysis evaluation. PeerJ Computer Science, 7, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.7717/PEERJ-CS.623

Downloads

Published

2026-05-10

How to Cite

Jayanti, E. B., Jenie, Y. I., Rizaldi, A., Atmasari, N., & Pranoto, F. S. (2026). Analytical and Flight Test-Based Dynamic Characteristic Identification of a Small Fixed-Wing UAV. IIUM Engineering Journal, 27(2), 415–433. https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v27i2.4013

Issue

Section

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

Most read articles by the same author(s)