Numerical Investigation of Sediment Scour Downstream of Adjustable and Fixed Submerged Weir Using FLOW-3D

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v26i3.3825

Keywords:

Scouring, Submerged Weir, Hydraulic Tilting Gate, Crump Weir, Flow-3D

Abstract

Scouring downstream of hydraulic structures poses significant risks to structural stability and sediment transport processes in river systems. This study presents a numerical investigation of sediment scour behaviour downstream of two submerged weir types, adjustable submerged weirs (hydraulic tilting gates) and fixed submerged weirs (Crump weirs), using FLOW-3D software. Field measurements from Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) surveys were used to validate the hydrodynamic model, with a finer mesh size of 1.5 m achieving high accuracy (R² = 0.998, RMSE = 0.018 m). This mesh size was subsequently adopted for sediment transport simulations. The research focuses on evaluating velocity at the bed and scour depth under a range of flow discharge series, from 183.30 m³/s to 3666.00 m³/s, over a 2-year ARI for the Kelantan River, across 20 simulation runs, with low, moderate, and high discharges, classified using a percentile-based approach. The simulations adopt the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations with the RNG turbulence model, coupled with the Meyer-Peter and Müller sediment transport formulation. Results reveal that the adjustable submerged weir generally produces higher bed-level velocities at low to moderate discharges, indicating a tendency toward more concentrated local scour. This is likely due to the flow being constricted and accelerated as it passes over and through the adjustable structure, thereby increasing shear stress on the bed. In contrast, the fixed Crump weir exhibits significantly higher peak velocities under extreme flow conditions, leading to broader but less focused erosion patterns, likely because its fixed geometry causes the flow to spread out more evenly downstream, reducing localised acceleration but increasing the overall area affected by erosion. Scour depth analysis reveals that the adjustable weir induces deeper scour holes, with a maximum depth of -5.917 m, whereas the fixed weir reaches a maximum depth of -4.128 m. These outcomes highlight the influence of structural geometry and operational flexibility on downstream hydraulic behaviour and sediment response.

ABSTRAK: Hakisan di hilir struktur hidraulik boleh menjejaskan kestabilan struktur dan proses pengurusan sedimen sungai. Kajian ini menjalankan analisis berangka terhadap keadaan hakisan sedimen pada dua jenis empangan tenggelam iaitu empangan tenggelam boleh laras (pintu hidraulik condong) dan empangan tenggelam kekal (empangan Crump), menggunakan perisian FLOW-3D. Pengukuran lapangan menggunakan Doppler Akustik Pembukah Semasa (ADCP) digunakan bagi mengesahkan model hidrodinamik, di mana saiz mesh lebih halus 1.5 m mencapai ketepatan tinggi (R² = 0.998, RMSE = 0.018 m). Seterusnya digunakan bagi simulasi pengangkutan sedimen. Kajian ini memfokuskan pada penilaian halaju pada dasar sungai dan kedalaman hakisan bagi beberapa siri pelepasan aliran sungai berkelajuan antara 183.30 m³/s hingga 3666.00 m³/s selama tempoh 2 tahun (ARI) di Sungai Kelantan. Ia melibatkan 20 siri simulasi, dengan aliran rendah, sederhana dan tinggi yang diklasifikasikan menggunakan pendekatan berasaskan persentil. Simulasi ini menggunakan persamaan Navier-Stokes Purata-Reynolds (RANS) dengan model pergolakan RNG, digabungkan bersama rumusan Meyer-Peter dan Müller bagi pengangkutan sedimen. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan empangan tenggelam boleh laras menghasilkan halaju dasar lebih tinggi pada aliran rendah hingga sederhana, mendorong kepada hakisan setempat yang bertumpu. Hal ini berkemungkinan disebabkan oleh aliran yang tersekat dan dipercepatkan ketika melalui struktur boleh laras, lalu meningkatkan tegasan ricih pada dasar sungai. Sebaliknya, empangan Crump jenis kekal menunjukkan halaju puncak lebih tinggi semasa aliran deras, menghasilkan corak hakisan yang lebih meluas tetapi kurang bertumpu, kerana geometri kekal menyebabkan aliran tersebar lebih sekata di hilir, sekaligus mengurangkan pecutan setempat, tetapi memperluas kawasan yang terjejas oleh hakisan. Analisis kedalaman hakisan mendedahkan bahawa empangan boleh laras menghasilkan lubang hakisan yang lebih dalam, dengan kedalaman maksimum -5.917 m, manakala empangan kekal mencapai kedalaman maksimum -4.128 m. Dapatan ini menekankan pengaruh geometri struktur dan fleksibiliti operasi pada keadaan hidraulik hilir serta respon sedimen.

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Published

2025-09-09

How to Cite

Che Mohd Azmi, S. N., Legori Ibrahim, S., Ibrahim, I., & Masbah, D. I. (2025). Numerical Investigation of Sediment Scour Downstream of Adjustable and Fixed Submerged Weir Using FLOW-3D. IIUM Engineering Journal, 26(3), 102–122. https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v26i3.3825

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Civil and Environmental Engineering