Characterization and Sintering Properties of Hydroxyapatite Bioceramics Synthesized From Clamshell Biowaste
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v23i2.2143Keywords:
Hydroxyapatite, bioceramics, chemical synthesis, calcination, sinteringAbstract
Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a type of calcium phosphate-based bioactive ceramic that resembles the mineral phase of bone and teeth with great potential for bone substitution and biomedical implants. Biogenic-derived HA emerges as a cheap and eco-sustainable alternative to improve waste utilization. However, hydroxyapatite has limited applications due to its apparent brittleness, thus prompting investigation for enhanced sintering properties. In the present study, the combination of calcination and chemical precipitation technique was used to extract hydroxyapatite (HA) from ark clamshells (Anadara granosa). The method successfully produced HA powder with a Ca/P ratio of 1.6 and characteristic bands corresponded to pure HA via Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The synthesized HA powder was then sintered at temperatures ranging from 1200 °C to 1300 °C, followed by mechanical evaluation of the density, Vickers hardness, fracture toughness and grain size. It was revealed that the samples sintered at 1250 °C achieved a relative density of ~88%, Vickers hardness of 5.01 ± 0.39 GPa, fracture toughness of 0.88 ± 0.07 MPa.m1/2 and average grain size of ~3.7 µm. Overall, the results suggest that ark clamshell synthesized HA (ACS) had the potential to be used as functional bioceramics for biomedical applications.
ABSTRAK: Hidroksiapatit (HA) adalah sejenis seramik bioaktif berasaskan kalsium fosfat yang menyerupai fasa mineral tulang dan gigi, berpotensi besar mengantikan tulang dalam implan bioperubatan. HA yang berasal dari biogenik muncul sebagai alternatif yang murah dan eko-lestari dalam menambah baik pengurusan sisa. Walau bagaimanapun, hidroksiapatit mempunyai aplikasi yang terhad kerana mempunyai kerapuhan yang ketara, menyebabkan penyelidikan diperlukan bagi meningkatkan sifat sintering. Gabungan teknik kalsinasi dan pemendakan kimia telah digunakan dalam kajian ini, bagi mengekstrak hidroksiapatit (HA) dari kulit kerang (Anadara granosa). Kaedah ini telah berjaya menghasilkan serbuk HA dengan nisbah 1.6 Ca/P dan jalur puncak sepadan dengan HA tulen melalui Spektroskopi Inframerah Transformasi Fourier (FTIR). Serbuk HA ini kemudian disinter pada suhu antara 1200 °C hingga 1300 °C, diikuti penilaian mekanikal pada ketumpatan, kekerasan Vickers, kerapuhan dan ukuran bijirin. Hasil ujian menunjukkan bahawa sampel yang disinter pada suhu 1250 °C mencapai ~88% ketumpatan relatif, kekerasan Vickers 5.01 ± 0.39 GPa, kerapuhan pada 0.88 ± 0.07 MPa.m1/2 dan purata ukuran butiran ~ 3.7 µm. Secara keseluruhan, dapatan menunjukkan bahawa kulit kerang HA yang disentisis (ACS) berpotensi sebagai bioseramik bagi aplikasi bioperubatan.
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