الضرورة الشعرية في معجم "العين": دراسة تأصيلية (Poetic Necessity in al-'Ayn Lexicon: A Study in Origins)

Poetic Necessity in al-'Ayn Lexicon: A Study in Origins

الملخص

Abstract

The study examines the theoretical and practical origins of poetic license in one of the oldest sources which dealt with it i.e., al-ʿAyn Lexicon by al-Khalīl ibn Aḥamad al-Farāhīdī (d. 170 H). It lists the types of poetic license, discusses them and highlights the efforts of one of the great scholars, who built the foundations of this issue for his successors Arab linguists. Amongst the findings of this paper were the following: It was found that there are 45 types of poetic license, which can be grouped in three categories: Addition, Reduction and Change. 'Addition' and 'Reduction' are then sub-divided into three types of poetic license: addition or reduction in the vocalization, addition or reduction of a letter and addition or reduction in the word. 'Change' is also sub-divided into six types: replacing a letter with another, replacing the form with another, replacing a word with another, changing the grammatical gender (feminizing the masculine and vice versa), changing the order and changing the case ending (declension). Finally the paper discovered other types of poetic license which has never been reported before in previous literature.

Keywords:  Poetic License, Al-Khalīl Ibn Aḥamad Al-Farāhīdī, Poetic Language

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Abstrak

Kajian ini mengkaji aspek teori dan praktikal tentang asal-usul ‘darurah syi’riah’ pada sumber tertua iaitu Kamus al-‘Ayn karya al-Khalīl ibn Aḥamad al-Farāhīdī (d. 170 H). Ia menyenaraikam jenis-jenis ‘darurah syi’riah’, kemudian membincangkannya dan menyoroti usaha salah seorang ulama besar, yang membina asas-asas tentang topik ini. Antara dapatan kajian ialah: ada 45 jenis  ‘darurah syi’riah’ yang boleh dikategorikan kepada tiga: Penambahan, Pengurangan dan Penukaran. Penambahan dan Pengurangan kemudiannya boleh dibahagikan kepada penambahan dan pengurangan dalam baris, huruf dan perkataan. Manakala Penukaran boleh berlaku dalam 6 macam: penukaran huruf dengan huruf, frasa dengan frasa, perkataan dengan perkataan, penukaran jantina (feminin ke maskulin atau sebaliknya), penukaran kedudukan, penukaran hukum arud dengan hukum lain. Kesimpulanya, kajian ini menemui jenis-jenis ‘darurah syi’riah’ yang ditunjukan oleh kita sebelum ini dalam buku pengkhususan dalam ‘darurah syi’riah’.

Kata kunci: Darurah Syi’riah’, al-Khalīl ibn AÍmad al-Farāhīdī, Bahasa Syair.