At-Tajdid - Intellectual Refereed Journal

كلمة التحرير - المجلد 30 العدد 60 - يوليو 2026

رحمة أحمد حاج عثمان (Rahmah Ahmad H. Osman) — 2026-07-31

ملخص العدد كلمة التحرير - المجلد 30 العدد 60 - يوليو 2026

توظيف برنامج قائم على تحليل الأخطاء في تصحيح الأخطاء الشفوية والكتابية لدى المتعلمين الماليزيين للعربية لغةً ثانية

محمد خليل محمد الرماضين (Mohammad Khalil Mohammad Alramadeen) — 2026-07-31

This study aimed to investigate the impact of an instructional program based on Error Analysis theory on reducing oral and written errors among students in the Department of Islamic Studies at the Islamic College of Perlis, Malaysia. The sample consisted of 40 students, and the study adopted a one-group quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test design to examine the effect of the proposed program on reducing students’ linguistic errors. The research instruments included a written test, an oral test, and an observation checklist designed to identify, classify, and record the frequency of linguistic errors. The findings revealed a statistically significant decrease in the number of errors across all grammatical categories after the implementation of the program. The total number of written errors decreased from 189 to 147, while oral errors decreased from 190 to 158. The overall eta-square values were approximately 0.71 for writing skills and 0.59 for speaking skills, indicating a large effect size. Although the one-group design does not allow the effect of the program to be fully isolated from all other possible factors, the clear reduction in errors after the intervention provides a strong indicator of the program’s effectiveness. The study recommends adopting error-analysis-based remedial programs in teaching Arabic to non-native speakers, with continuous follow-up.

Keywords: Error Analysis; Remedial Program; Arabic for Non-Native Speakers; Written Errors; Oral Errors.

مفهوم الاستخلاف في الإسلام وأثره في علاج مشكلة التغير المناخي: دراسة تأصيلية تحليلية

بلال بركات سلهب (Belal Barakat Salhab) — 2026-07-31

This project aims to shed light on an issue regarded as one of the most prominent problems of the present age, namely the problem of climate change. It examines this issue within a foundational framework and connects it to a comprehensive issue that constitutes the Islamic philosophy of human existence on this earth, represented by the concept of istikhlāf in Islamic thought. This study assumes the existence of a close relationship between the concept of istikhlāf and human behaviour on earth. However, practical reality indicates a disconnection between human beings and the requirements of their true function on earth, due to a disturbance in the human perception of their relationship with the earth, the universe, and natural resources, which in turn has led to uncontrolled practices based on domination, consumption, and depletion. Accordingly, the central problem of this research is represented in the following question: To what extent can the concept of istikhlāf in Islam provide a foundational epistemological and civilisational framework that contributes to explaining the roots of the climate crisis and establishes practical foundations for addressing it at the level of the individual, society, institutions, and public policies? In order to answer this problem, it is necessary to collect the legislative texts contained in the Noble Qurʾān and the Prophetic Sunnah concerning the human role of istikhlāf on earth and humanity’s relationship with what Allah, Glorified and Exalted be He, has placed and subjected therein. It is also necessary to examine the writings concerning the problem of climate change and its resulting effects on people’s lives, through an inductive method by means of which a clear picture of both sides of the subject may be formed. Thereafter, through an analytical and synthetic method, these texts will be examined, analysed in depth, and then reconstructed in an integrated form through which the principal features of the proposed solutions to this problem may become clear. Accordingly, the research has established a foundational framework for the concept of istikhlāf in Islam and linked it to human behaviour on earth, ultimately deriving from it four remedial foundations based upon a comprehensive vision that contributes to solving the problem of climate change.

Keywords: Istikhlāf, foundational study, climate change, solutions, Islamic thought.

التعارض في مقاصد الشريعة وتطبيقاتها في المسائل الطبية المعاصرة

ياسمين محمد خالد منصور (Yasmeen Mohammad Khaled Mansour) — 2026-07-31

This research addresses a crucial topic: the conflict between the objectives of Islamic law (maqasid al-shari'ah) and their application in contemporary medical issues. The research aims to clarify the concepts of conflict and preference, the objectives of Islamic law, and to identify conflicts arising between them. It then applies the principles of conflict and preference to contemporary medical issues. The research problem lies in the conflict between essential, complementary, and embellishing objectives, and in applying the principles of conflict and preference to contemporary medical issues. The research employs inductive, deductive, and applied methodologies. Among its most prominent findings is the significant impact of prioritizing the objectives of Islamic law on understanding the resulting legal rulings, particularly in dealing with emerging issues that individuals face and which require a legally binding ruling. Furthermore, the research reveals that numerous and seemingly endless new applications arise in the medical field, necessitating clarification and preference to achieve the objective of Islamic law: preserving human life from harm and death. Examples of such applications include the issue of exposing private parts for medical treatment, tubal ligation for contraception, and therapeutic abortion.

Keywords: Conflict, preference, objectives, medical issues.

الأخلاق والاستخلاف في الإسلام: دراسة وجودية معيارية

سيف بن سالم بن سيف الهادي (Saif Salim Saif Alhadi) — 2026-07-31

This study aims to ground the concept of ethics in the Islamic paradigm by linking it to the existential vision, the purpose of creation, and the concept of divine stewardship, addressing the epistemological limitations of contemporary ethical writings that have divorced values from faith. The research problem centers on answering normative and meta-ethical questions regarding the nature of moral judgments and the principles that render an action right or wrong. To achieve its objectives, the study employs a critical and analytical philosophical approach to deconstruct Western existential and social contract theories, highlighting their inability to establish a permanent moral obligation. Concurrently, it utilizes a normative foundational (ontological) approach to anchor human dignity and its universal rights. The research also adopts an integrative interpretive method to analyze textual evidence and Quranic narratives, blending them with Sharia objectives and rational implications. The study is structured into two main sections: the first examines the relationship between ethics and the manifestations of human honor, encompassing purposefulness and moral accountability; the second deconstructs the three levels of stewardship (universal, socio-historical, and political) and their inherent rights tied to the human essence. The study concludes with several key findings, most notably that ethics in Islam are absolute, universal values owed to a human being by virtue of being human, regardless of their religious identity. Furthermore, it demonstrates that revelation serves as the transcendent source of moral obligation, which ensures the stability of the value system and protects it from cultural relativism and narrow, self-serving interests.

Keywords: Islamic Ethics, Stewardship (Istikhlāf), Normative Ethics, Human Dignity, Source of Obligation, Sharia Vision.

تعقبات سماحة الشيخ الخليلي على المفسرين في تفسيره جواهر التفسير في مسائل القراءات: جمعًا ودراسة

إدريس بن سيف الصبحي (Idrees Saif Al Subhi) — 2026-07-31

This study examines the critical observations of His Eminence Sheikh Ahmad Al-Khalili on Qur'anic exegetes in Jawāhir al-Tafsīr, with particular emphasis on Qur'anic readings (qirāʾāt). It aims to analyse the Sheikh's methodological approach, which is grounded in rigorous scholarly investigation and the use of evidence and reasoned argument rather than unquestioning acceptance of transmitted opinions. The study consists of an introduction on the Sheikh and his tafsīr, followed by two main sections. The first examines his critiques concerning the preference and authenticity (tawātur) of Qur'anic readings, while the second focuses on his observations regarding the interpretation and justification of both canonical (mutawātir) and non-canonical (shādh) readings. The research employs historical, inductive, and comparative analytical methods to evaluate the scholarly significance of these critiques. The findings reveal that Sheikh Al-Khalili rejects any preference or ranking among the canonical Qur'anic readings, restricting such evaluation solely to non-canonical readings. The study also shows that his critiques address the views of nine prominent scholars, including Ibn Jarīr al-Ṭabarī and Al-Zamakhsharī. His most substantial criticisms are directed towards Ibn Jarīr al-Ṭabarī, focusing primarily on the evaluation of scholarly evidence and opinions, while he generally aligns with the majority view on most issues.

Key Words: Sheikh al-Khalīlī, Jawāhir al-Tafsīr, taʿaqqubāt, Variant Qur’ānic Readings, Justifications of the Qur’ānic Readings.

المشاركة المتناقصة في المصارف الإسلامية: ضوابطها ومقاصدها وتطبيقاتها في التمويل العقاري بمملكة البحرين

وليد عبد السلام محمد أبوحمراء (Waleed Abdul Salam Abu Hamra) — 2026-07-31

This research addresses the diminishing musharakah contract as one of the most significant modern financing alternatives in Islamic banks, particularly in the contemporary real estate financing sector. The research problem lies in observing the widening gap between established jurisprudential theorization and practical banking application, as some banks tend to burden the client with all ownership risks, especially the consequences of destruction, basic maintenance expenses, and insurance premiums. This explicitly violates the universal jurisprudential maxims governing partnerships, such as liability is accompanied by gain and yield is guaranteed by responsibility, deviating the participatory transaction from its core objective based on mutual solidarity and shared risk, and bringing it closer to fictitious usurious loans. The study aims to evaluate these contemporary applications through the lens of Sharia parameters, connecting them to the teleological (Maqasidi) dimensions and principles governing wealth in Islamic law, such as the circulation of wealth, the prevention of its monopolization, and the fulfillment of the basic needs of individuals, like housing. The researchers adopted inductive and descriptive-analytical approaches by tracking the resolutions of contemporary jurisprudential academies and the Sharia standards issued by AAOIFI, subsequently subjecting standard banking contracts to jurisprudential analysis and critique, while examining the applied aspect of real estate financing implemented in the Bahrain Islamic Bank. The research concluded with several findings, most notably affirming the legitimacy of diminishing musharakah as a permissible composite contract, provided there is complete procedural and temporal separation between its constituent contracts. Based on these findings, the study recommended the necessity of activating strict Sharia supervision, both ex-ante and ex-post, and re-engineering banking clauses related to maintenance and cooperative insurance to distribute costs equitably according to the system of undivided shares. Furthermore, the study calls upon researchers to investigate the impact of emergent contractual contingencies, such as monetary inflation and price volatility, on share valuation mechanisms, aiming to achieve investment balance and prevent unfairness, exorbitance, and injustice in contemporary financial transactions.

Keywords: Diminishing Musharakah, Islamic Banks, Real Estate Finance, Shariah Controls, Bahrain.

نفقة الأب على الولد في التعليم النظامي ونفقاته: دراسة فقهية مقارنة بقانون الأسرة القطري

زيد عاشور (Zaid Ashour) — 2026-07-31

Formal Education has become one of the most important aspects of life in modern times. Consequently, issues related to it have gained great significance. Among these issues is the matter of expenses: specifically, the father’s obligation to support his son engaged in formal education, and whether educational expenses are included in obligatory maintenance or not. Although classical jurists discussed maintenance in general, these two questions are considered contemporary issues that require renewed examination in light of the differences between today’s formal education and the general concept of learning in earlier eras. For this reason, this study addresses both questions, with a comparison to the Qatari Family Law. It relies on tracing the opinions of jurists from the four schools of law on related matters, as well as analyzing relevant legal provisions, to reach a clear conclusion. The study finds that the maintenance of an adult son in formal education is not obligatory upon the father in the four schools merely because he is a student, though it may become obligatory for other reasons, such as the son’s inability to earn a living. In Qatari law, however, such maintenance is obligatory if the child continues his studies with normal success. As for educational expenses, they are not included in obligatory maintenance except when considered vocational training, according to those who obligate it (the Shāfiʿīs and Ḥanbalīs), whereas in Qatari law they are explicitly included in maintenance.

Keywords: Qatari Family Law, financial responsibility, education.

نشأة العلاقات الدولية وأسسها في الإسلام

أيمن عبد الحميد عبد المجيد البدارين (Ayman Abdelhamid Abdelmajid Albadarain) — 2026-07-31

This research aims to examine the origins of international relations in Islam and their intellectual and legal foundations, employing the descriptive-analytical method. The research comprises three sections: the first addresses the meaning and legitimacy of international relations; the second traces their emergence and development from the Prophetic era to the present; and the third explores their foundational principles: human unity, justice, cooperation, tolerance, mutual respect, ethics, divine sovereignty (Al-Hakimiyyah), constants and variables, adherence to treaties, enjoining good and forbidding evil, and achieving the public interest of the Ummah. The study highlights that the foundational principle of international relations in Islam is peace, while war is an exception governed by legal and ethical constraints. It further reveals that Islamic jurisprudence preceded contemporary international law in establishing humanitarian principles, and that international treaties are subject to legal (Shar‘i) regulations grounded in the fulfillment of covenants and the realization of public interest. It also demonstrates that the principle of fulfilling covenants constitutes a governing rule, and that legitimately considered public interest (maslahah mu‘tabarah) serves as a crucial foundation for international policies. The study recommends strengthening comparative jurisprudential studies, integrating the jurisprudence of international relations into academic curricula, and rectifying misconceptions regarding the jurisprudence of jihad.

Keywords: International Relations in Islam, Peace, Islamic Jurisprudence (Fiqh), Islamic Political Theory (Siyasah Shar‘iyyah), International Treaties, Justice, Fulfillment of Covenants.

Assessing UAE Governance Through a Tawḥīdic Covenantal Lens

Ziad Kamal Hammad — 2026-07-31

This study aims to evaluate the governance of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) through an Islamic ethical framework grounded in the covenantal concepts of ʿahd (commitment) and mīthāq (solemn covenant). These foundational values provide the normative basis for justice, trust, protection, accountability, and peaceful coexistence in Islamic governance. Although the UAE has achieved remarkable progress in economic development and administrative modernization, ongoing scholarly debate persists regarding the extent to which its governance practices embody these Islamic ethical principles, particularly in the areas of justice, accountability, and social welfare. Existing studies have examined governance, labour migration, and human rights in the UAE; however, there remains a significant gap in research adopting a Tawḥīdic covenantal framework based on the values of ʿahd and mīthāq. This study employs a textual and ethical case study approach to assess UAE governance across four principal dimensions: economic justice, social welfare, political transparency, and peace-oriented diplomacy. The findings indicate both substantial convergence and notable divergence between covenantal Islamic principles and contemporary governance practices. While the literature identifies persistent challenges relating to migrant workers’ rights, public accountability, the welfare of vulnerable groups, and ethical concerns surrounding regional policies, the analysis also acknowledges important reforms undertaken by the UAE, including strengthened labour protections, digital government initiatives, and expanded humanitarian engagement. Overall, the study offers an evaluative rather than prescriptive assessment and proposes an Islamic ethical framework for understanding contemporary governance in the UAE through the principles of ʿadl (justice), amānah (trust), amān (protection), and peaceful coexistence. It further identifies areas requiring continued policy attention and future academic inquiry.

Keywords: Covenantal ethics; ʿahd; mīthāq; Islamic governance.