الرهنان الحيازي والرسمي في النظام المالي الإسلامي الماليزي دراسة فقهية تحليلية

Possessory and Official Mortgages in Malaysian Islamic Monetary System: A Fiqh Analytical Study

الملخص

Abstract

This study aims to explain the possessory and official pledges and some of their applications in the Malaysia Islamic monetary system from the point of view of Fiqh analysis. This is to answer the question: what are the concepts of possessory and official mortgage and their applications? The study refers to the views of the jurists on the issue and compare between them. The study concludes among others: that the traditional jurists did not differentiate between the possessory and official mortgages in their discussions but rather discussed about it in general manner. Legal scholars had reviewed this form of interaction as a result of in the real estate insurance system; and that the difference between them is that possessory mortgage has the mortgaged property in the hand of the mortgagee until he fulfil his right and as for the official mortgage, the mortgagee remains in the hand of the owner and the mortgagee has the right in fulfilling his right based on the price of the mortgaged item. This mechanism however, was applied in different manners in the Malaysia Islamic monetary system; some of which comply with the Shari’ah while some others need to be reviewed and studied further to contain them from some of the Shari’ah offences and the possibility of them containing elements of the suspicious usury.

Keywords: Possessory Mortgage and Official Mortgage, Monetary System, Shari’ah, Malaysia.

Abstrak

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menerangkan dua jenis gadaian; Hiyazi dan Rasmi dan perlaksanaannya dalam sistem kewangan Islam Malaysia berdasarkan sudut pandang kajian analisis fiqh yang akan menjawab persoalan berikut: Apa konsep kedua gadaian ini dan cara pelaksanaannya? Kajian ini akan merujuk kepada pendapat-pendapat ulama’ dalam perkara ini, menganalisia pendapat tersebut serta membuat perbandingan. Antara dapatan penting dari kajian ini adalah ulama-ulama klasik tidak membezakan antara dua gadaian ini dalam perbincangan mereka, mereka hanyalah berbicara tentang gadaian secara umum. Pakar perundangan telah memperkenalkan bentuk interaksi ini sebagai hasil daripada perkembangan sistem insurans harta tanah; beza antara dua cagaran ini ialah Gadaian Hiyazi, barang gadaian itu berada pada penerima barang gadaian sehinggalah tuannya mengambil haknya, manakala Gadaian Rasmi, barang gadaian berada kekal pada tangan ke penggadai, dan penerima gadaian boleh mengambil hak berdasarkan harga aset gadaian. Pelaksanaan ini telah digunakan dalam sistem kewangan Islam Malaysia tetapi ada yang patuh Shari’ah dan ada yang perlukan penelitian dan kajian kerana ada yang melanggar shari’ah dan ada yang berunsur riba.

Kata kunci: Gadaian Hiyazi, Gadaian Rasmi, Sistem Kewangan, Shari’ah,  Malaysia.