الإمامة العُظمى في الإسلام؛ جدارةٌ وأهليَّةٌ أم نَسَبٌ وعِرْقٌ؟ دراسةٌ حديثيَّةٌ مقارنةٌ

The Caliphate in Islam: Worthiness and Eligibility or Lineage and Ethnicity? A comparative Prophetic Saying Study

الملخص

Abstract

The hadith of the Prophet: “The Leaders are form among the Quraish” had been subjected to many critiques from the traditional time until the recent era. Some have rejected, labelled it as false, or argued that it is contradictory to the teaching of Quran and the authentic hadiths, or perhaps its chain of narrators was weak and suspicious, while some had accused it as promoting tribalism and glorification of the Arabs and especially the Quraish tribe. Considering these responses, some of the scholars have come forward to respond to these accusations saying that the hadith was authentic and of acceptable meaning, innocent from any of those insinuations. They have come up with many other explanations to defend its reliability. Among these explanations are: that the condition of being from the Quraish tribe is a condition of preference not permissibility; that it is a social condition that requested the presence of such qualities of the Quraish tribe in any leader but not necessarily someone from the tribe itself; that it is from the perspective of the jurisprudence of politics that they concluded that either it is either a social condition or an individual natural traits and has no connection with jurisprudence except from the point of view of the conditions set out by the hadiths related to the matter; it is an eligibility to rule, a mercy shown in situations that demand it, justice in ruling, keeping with promises; these are combined together with the qualities of lineage, eligibility and capability, similar to inclusively retain the prophethood with any sound personality from the offspring of  the Abrahamic tribe. The study is divided into an introduction and three subtopics and a conclusion.

Keywords: Islam, Leadership, Caliphate, Quraish.

Abstrak

Hadith “Para pemimpin itu daripada golongan Quraish” menghadapi banyak cabaran dari  dulu hingga kini. Ada yang menolaknya, melabelnya palsu atau mengatakan ianya bertentangan dengan Al-Quran dan hadith-hadith sahih atau sanadnya lemah tidak dapat dijadikan hujah. Ada juga melempar tohmahan asabiyyah (semangat perkauman) dan cubaan memuliakan kaum Arab terutamanya Quraish. Oleh itu sebahagian ulama’ bangkit  untuk membidas tuduhan-tuduhan ini. Mereka berkata hadith tersebut sahih dan boleh difahami dan diterima, serta bebas dari tuduhan-tuduhan tersebut. Mereka datangkan dengan pelbagai penerangan melalui takhrij hadith untuk mempertahankan hadith tersebut. Antara penerangan lain ialah Quraish adalah syarat keutamaan bukan kesahan; atau ianya hanyalah syarat sosial, yang dimahukan adalah sifat-sifat Quraish, bukan orang Quraish itu sendiri; atau ianya hanyalah sebahagian daripada bab politik syariah sama ada ianya syarat sosial atau ianya keadaan biasa manusia yang tiada kaitan perundangan kecuali dalam hal keadaan yang disebutkan dalam hadith-hadith tentang kelayakan untuk memerintah, adil dalam pemerintahan, bersikap belas pada keadaan yang sepatutnya, menepati janji dan perjanjian, dan kemudian digabungkan semua itu dengan keturunan, kelayakan, kecekapan pada masa yang sama sepertimana kenabian dan perutusan kebaikan dikhususkan untuk keturunan Nabi Ibrahim. Dari itu kajian ini dipecahkan kepada pendahuluan dan 3 sub topik dan penutup.

Kata kunci: Islam, Kepimpinan, Kekhalifahan dalam Islam, Quraish.