مؤسسة القرض الحسن كاستراتيجية للحد من الفقر في أفغانستان: نموذج مقترح في ضوء تجربة ماليزيا
(The Qard al-Hasan Institution as a Strategy for Poverty Alleviation in Afghanistan: A Proposed Model in light of the Malaysian Experience)
الملخص
تمثل مؤسسات التمويل الأصغر أداة فعّالة أثبتت نجاحها عالميًا في مكافحة الفقر، إلا أن تطبيقها في أفغانستان -بسبب مخالفتها لمبادئ الإسلام- لم يسهم في معالجة مشكلة الفقر، بل أدى إلى تفاقمه. من هنا، سعى هذا البحث إلى تقديم نموذج لمؤسسة التمويل الصغير القائمة على مبدأ القرض الحسن بوصفها استراتيجية للحد من الفقر، وتحقيق التنمية المستدامة في أفغانستان. يتميز النموذج بدمجه بين آليات القرض الحسن والأوقاف والزكاة والتكافل، مستفيداً من التجارب الناجحة في التمويل الإسلامي الأصغر، خاصةً التجربة الماليزية. يعتمد النموذج على مصادر تمويل متنوعة، مثل: الوقف النقدي، ودائع الحجاج، والتبرعات، وصندوق الزكاة، وعوائد جلود الأضاحي، وودائع الأفراد، وإيرادات الخدمة المشروعة، والاستثمار في المشاريع المربحة، والدعم الحكومي؛ ما يعزز استدامة المؤسسة المالية. هَدَفَ هذا البحث إلى توضيح مفهوم القرض الحسن، وأهميته في ضوء النصوص الشرعية، مع التأكيد على ضرورة إنشاء مؤسسة رسمية لتطبيق القرض الحسن بوصفه أداة لمعالجة الفقر في أفغانستان، كما يُقدّم نموذجاً عملياً لمؤسسة القرض الحسن بالتكامل مع الأوقاف والزكاة والتكافل؛ ما يسهم في الحد من الفقر في المجتمع الأفغاني. اعتمد البحث الحالي على المنهج الاستقرائي لتتبع التجارب الناجحة، والمنهج الميداني لجمع البيانات الأولية، والمنهج الوصفي لبيان المفاهيم، والمنهج التحليلي لتحليل البيانات؛ بهدف تحديد نموذج مناسب للتطبيق في أفغانستان. ومن أبرز النتائج التي توصل إليها البحث: أن مؤسسة القرض الحسن -إذا ما تم تفعيلها ضمن إطار تشريعي وتنظيمي مناسب- يمكنها أن تؤدي دوراً فعّالًا في الحد من الفقر والبطالة، وتوفير فرص عمل مستدامة، من خلال تمويل صغير بدون فوائد، للفئات الأكثر احتياجاً. أوصى البحث بضرورة تبني سياسات تدعم تطبيق هذا النموذج، وإجراء المزيد من البحوث العلمية حول تطوير نظام التمويل الإسلامي ومؤسساته في أفغانستان.
الكلمات المفتاحية: القرض الحسن، التمويل الإسلامي الصغير، مشكلة الفقر، أفغانستان.
التنزيلات
المراجع
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