Genetic Testing in Islamic Perspective: Updates and Challenges – A Narrative Review

Abstract

Background: Genetic testing is a rapidly evolving field with significant implications for healthcare, particularly in Muslim-majority societies where religious, ethical, and cultural values deeply influence medical practices. The high prevalence of hereditary disorders underscores the urgency of aligning genetic advancements with Islamic bioethical and legal principles. This review explores genetic testing through an Islamic lens, aiming to present updated insights, examine ethical and social challenges, and identify future directions for policy and research. Methods:A narrative review methodology was employed drawing from databases such as Semantic Scholar and PubMed. The search strategy targeted Islamic perspectives on genetic testing, focusing on ethics, legal norms, clinical applications, and policy evolution. From 1,032 initial records, 777 were screened, and 251 met the inclusion criteria, with the 50 most relevant articles included in the final analysis. Only peer-reviewed papers discussing human genetics within an Islamic context were considered, excluding those unrelated to religious or ethical dimensions. Results: Islamic bioethics grounded in the Qur’an, Hadith, and jurisprudential principles, supports genetic testing for disease prevention and treatment but raises concerns over non-therapeutic applications. Clinical applications like premarital screening and prenatal diagnosis are expanding in Muslim societies, supported by state policies yet met with varied public acceptance due to differing interpretations of religious permissibility. Emerging technologies such as CRISPR have intensified ethical debates, particularly around germline modification and enhancement. Regulatory frameworks vary widely across Islamic countries, ranging from formal fatwas to national guidelines, often lacking cohesion. Issues of informed consent, confidentiality, and culturally competent genetic counseling remain pressing concerns. Key research gaps include limited empirical studies on Muslim minorities in non-Muslim countries, the psychological impact of genetic testing, and the operationalization of Islamic ethical frameworks in clinical practice. Conclusion:Genetic testing in Islamic contexts presents both opportunities and ethical dilemmas. While disease-related applications gain broad acceptance, newer technologies require cautious deliberation. A harmonized, faith-aligned regulatory approach, bolstered by community engagement and culturally sensitive counseling, is essential for ethically responsible integration of genetics into healthcare in Muslim societies.