منهج الإصلاح في رسالات الأنبياء لمواجهة الفساد: دراسة قرآنية تحليلية
(The Methodology of Reform in the Missions of the Prophets in Confronting Corruption: A Qur’anic Analytical Study)
Abstract
Abstract
This study examines the reformative framework embedded in the prophetic messages through an analytical Qur’anic reading that reconstructs the concept of corruption and its various forms as presented in revelation. It highlights the centrality of combating corruption within the prophetic mission, viewing it as a complex deviation affecting creed, values, and social structures. The study addresses a key scholarly problem: the absence of a comprehensive analytical framework that systematically links Qur’anic classifications of corruption with prophetic mechanisms of reform, beyond moralistic discourse or partial historical narration. Methodologically, the research adopts an objective analytical approach to Qur’anic texts and prophetic models, engaging in a critical dialogue with selected contemporary reform approaches that emphasize procedural regulation while neglecting moral conscience. The study concludes that prophetic reform constitutes an integrated project that begins with correcting the creedal foundation and purifying the soul, then progresses toward legal rectification and social activation, offering a normative framework for critically assessing contemporary reform visions without claiming direct practical application to a specific context.
Keywords: Combating corruption, divine messages, civilizational reform, prophetic methodology, renewal of religious discourse.
Downloads
References
ʿAbbās, Faḍl Ḥasan (2016), al-Tafsīr wa al-Mufassirūn: Asāsiyyātuh wa Ittijāhātuh wa Manāhijuh fī al-ʿAṣr al-Ḥadīth, (ʿAmman: Dār al-Nafāʾis li al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, 1st edition)
ʿAbd al-Raḥīm, Naṣār Manṣūr Muḥammad ʿAbd (2022), "Taʾṣīl Maṣd al-Nazāhah min Khilāl Mukāfaḥat al-Sunnah al-Muṭahharah li al-Fasād al-Mālī wa al-Idārī", Ḥawliyyat Kullīyat al-Lughah al-ʿArabiyyah bi Jarjā, al-ʿAdad 19
Abū Dāwūd al-Azdī, Sulaymān b. al-Ashʿath (2009), Sunan Abī Dāwūd, taḥqīq: Shuʿayb al-Arnaʾūṭ wa ākharīn, (Dār al-Risālah al-ʿĀlamiyyah, 1st edition)
Abū Jaʿfar, Aḥmad b. Ibrāhīm b. al-Zubayr (d.t.), Malāk al-Taʾwīl al-Qāṭiʿ bi Dhawī al-Ilḥād wa al-Taʿṭīl fī Tawjīh al-Mutashābih al-Lafẓ min Āy al-Tanzīl, al-Ḥawāshī: ʿAbd al-Ghanī Muḥammad ʿAlī al-Fāsī, (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, d.t.)
Abū Zuhrah, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. Muṣṭafā (1425h), Khātam al-Nabiyyīn ﷺ, (Cairo: Dār al-Fikr al-ʿArabī)
Abū Zuhrah, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. Muṣṭafā (d.t.), Zahrah al-Tafāsīr, (Cairo: Dār al-Fikr al-ʿArabī)
Abū Zuhrah, Muḥammad wa Ākhirūn (1993), al-Tafsīr al-Wasīṭ li al-Qurʾān al-Karīm, murājaʿah: Muṣṭafā Muḥammad al-Ḥadīdī al-Ṭayr, lajnah min al-ʿulamāʾ bi ishraf Majmaʿ al-Buḥūth al-Islāmiyyah bi al-Azhar, (al-Hayʾah al-ʿĀmmah li Shuʾūn al-Maṭābiʿ al-Amīriyyah, 1st edition)
Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal (2001), Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, taḥqīq: Shuʿayb al-Arnaʾūṭ, ʿĀdil Murshid wa ākharīn, ishraf: ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbd al-Muḥsin al-Turkī, (Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 1st edition)
al-Albānī, Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dīn (2000), Fī Ṣaḥīḥ al-Targhīb wa al-Tarhīb, (Riyāḍ: Maktabat al-Maʿārif li al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, 1st edition)
al-ʿĀnī, ʿAbd al-Qādir b. Mullā Ḥuwīsh al-Sayyid Maḥmūd Āl Ghāzī (1965), Bayān al-Maʿānī, (Dimashq: Maṭbaʿat al-Taraqqī, 1st edition)
al-ʿArʿūr, ʿAdnān b. Muḥammad (2002), Manhaj al-Iʿtidāl, (Riyāḍ: Dār al-Tābiʿīn)
al-ʿAwdah, Sulaymān b. Ḥamad (2013), Shuʿāʿ min al-Miḥrāb, (Riyāḍ: Dār al-Mughannī li al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, 2nd edition)
al-Baṭāṭī, Sālim b. Aḥmad (d.t.), "al-Mutābaʿah fī al-ʿAmal al-Tarbawī", Majallat al-Bayān, (Riyāḍ: al-Muntadā al-Islāmī)
al-Baydāwī, Nāṣir al-Dīn Abū Saʿīd ʿAbd Allāh (1418h), Anwār al-Tanzīl wa Asrār al-Taʾwīl, taḥqīq: Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Marʿashlī, (Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī)
al-Bayhaqī, Aḥmad b. al-Ḥusayn Abū Bakr (2003), Shuʿb al-Īmān, taḥqīq: ʿAbd al-ʿAlī ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd Ḥāmid, (Hind: Maktabat al-Rushd li al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ bi Riyāḍ bi al-Taʿāwun maʿa al-Dār al-Salafiyyah bi Bombay, 1st edition)
al-Biqāʿī, Burhān al-Dīn Abū al-Ḥasan Ibrāhīm (1984), Naẓm al-Durar fī Tanāsub al-Āyāt wa al-Suwar, Hind: Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmānīyah, Ḥaydarābād, 1st edition
al-Bukhārī, Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl (1422h), Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, taḥqīq: Jamāʿah min al-ʿUlamāʾ, al-ṭabʿah al-sulṭānīyah, ṣawwarah wa iʿnā bihā Muḥammad Zuhayr b. Nāṣir al-Nāṣir, maʿa tarqīm al-aḥādīth li Muḥammad Fūʾād ʿAbd al-Bāqī, (Cairo: al-Maṭbaʿah al-Kubrā al-Amīriyyah bi Būlāq, 1311h; Beirut: Dār Ṭawq al-Najāt, 1st edition)
al-Bukhārī, Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl b. Ibrāhīm (1997), Ṣaḥīḥ al-Adab al-Mufrad, taḥqīq: Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī, (Dār al-Ṣadīq li al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, 4th edition)
al-Dimashqī, ʿUmar b. ʿAlī b. ʿĀdil (1998), al-Lubbāb fī ʿUlūm al-Kitāb, taḥqīq wa taʿlīq: Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Mawjūd, ʿAlī Muḥammad Muʿawwaḍ, (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1st edition)
al-Fārisī, Aḥmad b. Fāris (1972), Maʿjam Maqāyīs al-Lughah, (Misr: Sharikat Maktabat wa Maṭbaʿat Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī wa Awlādih, 2nd edition)
al-Ḥamd, Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm b. Aḥmad (1994), al-Fāḥishah ʿAmal Qawm Lūṭ, (Dār Ibn Khuzaymah, 1st edition)
al-Hilālī, Majdī (d.t.), Naẓarāt fī al-Tarbiyah al-ʾĪmānīyah, (d.t.)
al-ʿIyāshī, Aḥsan Zarzār, wa Karīmah Rābiḥ Ghiyād (2022), "al-Manhāj al-Nabawī fī Muḥārabat al-Fasād al-Idārī wa al-Mālī", Majallat al-Ḥaqq li al-ʿUlūm al-Sharʿiyyah wa al-Qānūniyyah, Kulliyyat al-Qānūn, Jāmiʿat Banī Walīd, Libya
al-Jāmiʿah al-Islāmiyyah bi al-Madīnah al-Nabawiyyah (d.t.), "Tawjīhāt al-Tarbiyah al-Islāmiyyah fī Kalimāt Khādim al-Ḥaramayn al-Sharīfayn", Majallat al-Jāmiʿah al-Islāmiyyah bi al-Madīnah al-Nabawiyyah, al-ʿAdad 118, (al-Madīnah al-Munawwarah: al-Jāmiʿah al-Islāmiyyah, d.t.)
al-Jaṣṣās, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī (1994), Aḥkām al-Qurʾān, taḥqīq: ʿAbd al-Salām Muḥammad ʿAlī Shāhīn, (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1st edition)
al-Jazāʾirī, Jābir b. Mūsā (2003), Aysar al-Tafāsīr li Kalām al-ʿAlī al-Kabīr, (al-Madīnah al-Munawwarah: Maktabat al-ʿUlūm wa al-Ḥikm, 5th edition)
al-Juraysī, Khālid b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAlī (d.t.), Idārat al-Waqt min al-Manẓūr al-Islāmī wa al-Idārī, (d.t., d.n.)
al-Khādimī, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. Muṣṭafā b. ʿUthmān (1348h), Barīqah Maḥmūdiyyah fī Sharḥ Ṭarīqah Muḥammadīyah wa Sharīʿah Nabawiyyah fī Sīrah Aḥmadīyah, (Cairo: Maṭbaʿat al-Ḥalabī, d.t., 1348h)
al-Khaṭīb, ʿAbd al-Karīm Yūnus (d.t.), al-Tafsīr al-Qurʾānī li al-Qurʾān, (Cairo: Dār al-Fikr al-ʿArabī, d.t.)
al-Khāzin, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn ʿAlī b. Muḥammad (1995), Lubbāb al-Taʾwīl fī Maʿānī al-Tanzīl, taṣḥīḥ: Muḥammad ʿAlī Shāhīn, (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1st edition)
al-Kīlānī, Mājid ʿUrsān (d.t.), Ahdāf al-Tarbiyah al-Islāmiyyah, (Dār al-Qalam, 1st edition)
al-Kurmānī, Ḥamūd b. Ḥamzah b. Naṣr, Abū al-Qāsim Burhān al-Dīn (505h), Gharāʾib al-Tafsīr wa ʿAjāʾib al-Taʾwīl, (Jiddah: Dār al-Qiblah li al-Thaqāfah al-Islāmiyyah; Beirut: Muʾassasat ʿUlūm al-Qurʾān)
al-Luhaymīd, Sulaymān b. Muḥammad (d.t.), Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-Karīm: min Sūrat al-Fātiḥah ilā Sūrat al-Nisāʾ, (d.t.)
al-Majlis al-Aʿlā li al-Shuʾūn al-Islāmiyyah – Miṣr (d.t.), Mawsūʿat al-Mafāhīm al-Islāmiyyah al-ʿĀmmah, (Cairo: al-Majlis al-Aʿlā li al-Shuʾūn al-Islāmiyyah)
al-Manāwī, ʿAbd al-Raʾūf (1990), al-Tawqīf ʿalā Muhimmat al-Taʿārīf, taḥqīq: ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd Ṣāliḥ Ḥamdān, (Cairo: ʿĀlam al-Kutub, 1st edition)
al-Marāghī, Aḥmad b. Muṣṭafā (1946h), Tafsīr al-Marāghī, (Cairo: Sharikat Maktabat wa Maṭbaʿat Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī wa Awlādih, 1st edition)
al-Māwardī, ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. Muḥammad Abū al-Ḥasan (d.t.), al-Aḥkām al-Sulṭānīyah, (Cairo: Dār al-Ḥadīth, d.t.)
al-Muntadā al-Islāmī (1410h), Majallat al-Bayān, al-ʿAdad 45, (Kuwait: al-Muntadā al-Islāmī, d.t.)
al-Muntadā al-Islāmī (1999), Majallat al-Bayān, majallat Islāmiyyah shahrīyah jāmiʿah, al-ʿAdad 118
al-Muntadā al-Islāmī (d.t.), Majallat al-Bayān, "al-Ridda Mafhūmah wa Asbābuhā fī al-ʿAqīdah wa al-Sharīʿah", D. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Āl ʿAbd al-Laṭīf, (Riyāḍ: al-Muntadā al-Islāmī, al-ʿAdad 238)
al-Muqaddim, Muḥammad Aḥmad Ismāʿīl (d.t.), Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-Karīm, durūs ṣawtiyyah mufarraḍah, (Riyāḍ: Mawqiʿ al-Shabakah al-Islāmiyyah, Islamweb.net)
al-Muqaddim, Muḥammad Aḥmad Ismāʿīl (d.t.), Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-Karīm, durūs ṣawtiyyah mufarraḍah, (Cairo: Mawqiʿ al-Shabakah al-Islāmiyyah, Islamweb.net)
al-Nasafī al-Ḥanafī, Najm al-Dīn ʿUmar b. Muḥammad b. Aḥmad (2019), al-Taysīr fī al-Tafsīr, taḥqīq: Māhir Adīb Ḥabūsh wa Ākhirūn, (Istanbul: Dār al-Lubbāb li al-Dirāsāt wa Taḥqīq al-Turāth, 1st edition)
al-Nāṣirī, Muḥammad al-Makkī b. Muḥammad (1985), al-Taysīr fī Aḥādīth al-Tafsīr, (Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1st edition)
al-Qarnī, ʿĀʾiḍ b. ʿAbd Allāh (d.t.), Durūs al-Shaykh ʿĀʾiḍ al-Qarnī, durūs ṣawtiyyah mufarraḍah (398 durūs), tafrīgh: Islamweb.net, (Dammām, Islamweb.net, d.n.)
al-Qudūmī, Sāmī Wadīʿ ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ Shihādhah (1432h), al-Tafsīr al-Bayānī limā fī Sūrat al-Naḥl min Daqāʾiq al-Maʿānī, (ʿAmman: Dār al-Wuḍāḥ, d.t.)
al-Qurṭubī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Anṣārī (1964), al-Jāmiʿ li Aḥkām al-Qurʾān, taḥqīq: Aḥmad al-Bardūnī wa Ibrāhīm Aṭfīsh, (Cairo: Dār al-Kutub al-Miṣriyyah, 2nd edition, 1384h/1964)
al-Qurṭubī, Yūsuf b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad (d.t.), Bahjat al-Majālis wa Uns al-Majālis, (d.t., d.n.)
al-Qushayrī, ʿAbd al-Karīm b. Hawāzin (d.t.), Laṭāʾif al-Ishārāt (Tafsīr al-Qushayrī), taḥqīq: Ibrāhīm al-Bisyūnī, (Cairo: al-Hayʾah al-Miṣrīyah al-ʿĀmmah li al-Kitāb, 3rd edition)
al-Rāghib al-Aṣfahānī, al-Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad (1420–1424h), Tafsīr al-Rāghib al-Aṣfahānī, taḥqīq: Muḥammad ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Bisyūnī wa ākharīn, (Kulliyyat al-Ādāb, Jāmiʿat Ṭanṭā, 1st edition)
al-Rājḥī, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān (d.t.), al-Qawl al-Bayyin al-Aẓhar fī al-Daʿwah ilā Allāh wa al-Amr bi al-Maʿrūf wa al-Nahy ʿan al-Munkar, (al-Mamlakah al-ʿArabiyyah al-Saʿūdiyyah: Manshūr ʿalā Mawqiʿ Wizārat al-Awqāf, d.t.)
al-Rāshid, Khālid b. Rāshid (d.t.), Durūs al-Shaykh Khālid al-Rāshid, tafrīgh: Islamweb.net, (Dammām, d.t.)
al-Rāzī, Fakhr al-Dīn Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. ʿUmar b. al-Ḥasan (1420h), Mafātīḥ al-Ghayb = al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr, (Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 3rd edition)
al-Riyāsah al-ʿĀmmah li Idārat al-Buḥūth al-ʿIlmiyyah wa al-Iftāʾ wa al-Daʿwah wa al-Irshād (d.t.), "Ḥukm al-Tawruq al-Maṣrafī al-Munazzam", Majallat al-Buḥūth al-Islāmiyyah, (Riyāḍ: al-Riyāsah al-ʿĀmmah li Idārat al-Buḥūth al-ʿIlmiyyah wa al-Iftāʾ wa al-Daʿwah wa al-Irshād, d.t.)
al-Saʿdī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Nāṣir b. ʿAbd Allāh (2000), Taysīr al-Karīm al-Raḥmān fī Tafsīr Kalām al-Mannān, taḥqīq: ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Maʿlā al-Luwayḥiq, (Riyāḍ: Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 1st edition)
al-Samarqandī, Naṣr b. Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. Ibrāhīm (d.t.), Baḥr al-ʿUlūm (Tafsīr al-Samarqandī), (d.n.)
al-Sāyiḥ, ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ (2021), al-Ḥūkūmah wa Mukāfaḥat al-Fasād al-Idārī: Dirāsah fī Āliyāt al-Iṣlāḥ al-Muʾassasī, (Cairo: Dār al-Nahḍah al-ʿArabiyyah)
al-Shanqītī, Muḥammad al-Amīn b. Muḥammad al-Mukhtār (1995), Aḍwāʾ al-Bayān fī ʾĪḍāḥ al-Qurʾān bi al-Qurʾān, (Beirut: Dār al-Fikr li al-Ṭabāʿah wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, d.t.)
al-Shaʿrāwī, Muḥammad Muṭawallī (1997), Tafsīr al-Shaʿrāwī (al-Khawāṭir), (Cairo: Maṭābiʿ Akhbār al-Yawm)
al-Sharīf, Kāmil b. Ismāʿīl (d.t.), "Ḥuqūq al-Insān wa al-Qaḍāyā al-Kubrā", Majallat Majmaʿ al-Fiqh al-Islāmī, (Jeddah: Majmaʿ al-Fiqh al-Islāmī al-Dawlī, d.t.)
al-Shāṭibī, Ibrāhīm b. Mūsā b. Muḥammad (1997), al-Muwāfaqāt, taḥqīq: Abū ʿUbaydah Mashhūr b. Ḥasan Āl Salmān, (Dār Ibn ʿAfān, 1st edition)
al-Shawkānī, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī (1994), Fatḥ al-Qadīr, (Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, d.t.), Juzʾ 2, p. 487
al-Sirjānī, Rāghib (2018), Al-Idārah fī al-ʿAṣr al-Nabawī: Ruʾyah Ḥaḍāriyyah wa Qiyamiyyah, (Cairo: Muʾassasat Iqrāʾ)
al-Ṣuwayān, Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān (d.t.), "Iṣlāḥ al-Mufsidīn!", Majallat al-Bayān, tasduru ʿan al-Muntadā al-Islāmī, al-ʿAdad 200, (Riyāḍ: al-Muntadā al-Islāmī, d.t.)
al-Ṭabarānī, Sulaymān b. Aḥmad b. Ayyūb (1995), al-Muʿjam al-Awsaṭ, taḥqīq: Ṭāriq b. ʿAwḍ Allāh b. Muḥammad wa ʿAbd al-Muḥsin b. Ibrāhīm al-Ḥusaynī, (Cairo: Dār al-Ḥaramayn, d.t.)
al-Ṭabarānī, Sulaymān b. Aḥmad b. Ayyūb (d.t.), al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr, taḥqīq: Ḥamdī b. ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Salafī, (Cairo: Maktabat Ibn Taymiyyah, 2nd edition)
al-Ṭabarānī, Sulaymān b. Aḥmad b. Ayyūb (d.t.), al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr, taḥqīq: Ḥamdī b. ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Salafī, (Cairo: Maktabat Ibn Taymiyyah)
al-Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jārir (2001), Jāmiʿ al-Bayān ʿan Taʾwīl Āy al-Qurʾān, taḥqīq: ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbd al-Muḥsin al-Turkī, bi taʿāwun maʿa ʿAbd al-Sanad Ḥasan Yamāmah, (Cairo: Dār Hijr li al-Ṭabāʿah wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ wa al-Iʿlān, 1st edition)
al-Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr (2001), Jāmiʿ al-Bayān fī Taʾwīl Āy al-Qurʾān, taḥqīq: ʿAbd Allāh al-Turkī, (Cairo: Markaz Hijr, 1st edition)
al-Ṭaḥṭāwī, ʿAlī Aḥmad ʿAbd al-ʿAl, (2004), ʿAwn al-Ḥanān fī Sharḥ al-Amthāl fī al-Qurʾān, (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1st edition)
al-Ṭālibī, ʿAmmār (1968), Āthār Ibn Bādīs li ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd b. Muḥammad b. Bādīs, (al-Jazāʾir: al-Sharikah al-Jazāʾiriyyah, 1st edition)
al-Ṭaybī, Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh (2013), Futūḥ al-Ghayb fī al-Kashf ʿan Qināʿ al-Rayyib (Ḥāshiyah al-Ṭaybī ʿalā al-Kashshāf), taḥqīq: Nukhbah min al-Baḥithīn, (Dubayy: Jāʾizat Dubayy al-Duwaliyyah li al-Qurʾān al-Karīm, 1st edition)
al-Thunayyān, Rāshid b. Ḥamūd b. Rāshid (2005), Manhaj Ibn ʿAqīl al-Ḥanbalī wa Aqwāluh fī al-Tafsīr: Jamʿan wa Dirāsah, Maqṭah: Risālah Magistir, Jāmiʿat al-Imām Muḥammad b. Saʿūd al-Islāmiyyah, (Kulliyyat Uṣūl al-Dīn, Qism al-Qurʾān wa ʿUlūmih)
al-Tirmidhī, Muḥammad b. ʿĪsā b. Sūra Abū ʿĪsā (2009), al-Jāmiʿ al-Kabīr “Sunan al-Tirmidhī”, taḥqīq: Shuʿayb al-Arnūṭ wa Ākhirūn, (Dār al-Risālah al-ʿĀlamiyyah, 1st edition)
al-Tuwayjrī, Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm, al-Mawqiʿ al-Rasmī li Faḍīlat al-Shaykh Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm al-Tuwayjrī, https://www.hatha-alislam.com/articles, ziyārah: 26 July 2025
al-ʿUmarī, Akram Ḍiyāʾ (1994), al-Sīrah al-Nabawiyyah al-Ṣaḥīḥah: Muḥāwalah li Taṭbīq Qawāʿid al-Muḥaddithīn fī Naqd Rawāyāt al-Sīrah al-Nabawiyyah, (al-Madīnah al-Munawwarah: Maktabat al-ʿUlūm wa al-Ḥikm, 6th edition, 1415h/1994)
al-ʿUthaymīn, Muḥammad b. Ṣāliḥ (2003), Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-Karīm: Sūrah al-Ṣāfāt, (Riyāḍ: Dār al-Thurayyā li al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, 1st edition)
al-Wāḥidī, ʿAlī b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad (1430h), al-Tafsīr al-Basīṭ, (Riyāḍ: ʿImādat al-Baḥth al-ʿIlmī, Jāmiʿat al-Imām Muḥammad b. Saʿūd al-Islāmiyyah, 1st edition)
al-Wakīl, Muḥammad al-Sayyid (1400h), Madrasat al-Daʿwah, (al-Madīnah al-Munawwarah: al-Jāmiʿah al-Islāmiyyah, al-Sanah al-Thāniyah ʿAshrah, al-ʿAdad 47–48)
al-Zamzamī al-Kattānī, Muḥammad al-Muntaṣir bi Allāh b. Muḥammad (d.t.), Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-Karīm, durūs ṣawtiyyah mufarraḍah, (al-Shabakah al-Islāmiyyah, d.t., d.n.)
Ayyūb, Aḥmad b. Sulaymān, wa Nukhbah min al-Baḥithīn (2015), Mawsūʿat Maḥāsin al-Islām wa Radd Shubuhāt al-Liʾām, ishraf: Sulaymān b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Durayʿ, (Riyāḍ: Dār Ilāf al-Dawliyyah li al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, 1st edition)
b. Bāz, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. ʿAbd Allāh (d.t.), "al-Asfār al-Muqaddasah ʿinda al-Yahūd wa Atharuhā fī Inḥirāfihim", Majallat al-Jāmiʿah al-Islāmiyyah bi al-Madīnah al-Munawwarah, al-ʿAdad 1, (al-Madīnah al-Munawwarah: al-Jāmiʿah al-Islāmiyyah, d.t.)
b. Zaydān, ʿAbd al-Karīm b. Zaydān b. ʿAbd Allāh (2001), Uṣūl al-Daʿwah, (Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 9th edition, 1421h/2001)
Becker, Gary S., The Economic Approach to Human Behavior, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976)
Bovens, Mark, Thomas Schillemans, and Robert E. Goodin, “Public Accountability,” in The Oxford Handbook of Public Accountability, ed. Mark Bovens, Robert E. Goodin, and Thomas Schillemans, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014)
Coleman, James S., Foundations of Social Theory, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990), 13
Coleman, James S., Foundations of Social Theory, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990)
Drucker, Peter F., The Practice of Management, (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1954)
Ghulūsh, Aḥmad Aḥmad (2004), al-Sīrah al-Nabawiyyah wa al-Daʿwah fī al-ʿAhd al-Madanī, (Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risālah li al-Ṭibāʿah wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, 1st edition), 710
Ḥabannakah al-Maydānī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Ḥasan (1992), Ṣirāʿ maʿa al-Mulāḥidah ḥattā al-ʿAẓam, (Dimashq: Dār al-Qalam, 5th edition)
Ḥabannakah al-Maydānī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Ḥasan (1998), al-Ḥaḍārah al-Islāmiyyah: Ususuhā wa Wasāʾilihā wa Ṣuwar min Taṭbīqāt al-Muslimīn lahā wa Laḥmāt min Taʾthīrihā fī Sāʾir al-Umam, (Dimashq: Dār al-Qalam, 1st edition)
Habermas, Jürgen, Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, trans. William Rehg, (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996)
Ḥamūsh, Maʾmūn (2007), al-Tafsīr al-Maʾmūn ʿalā Manhaj al-Tanzīl wa al-Ṣaḥīḥ al-Masnūn, (d.n., 1st edition)
Ḥaqqī, Ismāʿīl b. Muṣṭafā (d.t.), Rūḥ al-Bayān, (Beirut: Dār al-Fikr)
Ḥawwā, Saʿīd b. Muḥammad Dīb (1985), al-Asās fī al-Tafsīr, (Cairo: Dār al-Salām, 1st edition)
Ḥuṭaybah, Aḥmad (d.t.), Sharḥ Riyāḍ al-Ṣāliḥīn, Islamweb.net
Ibn ʿAjībah al-Fāsī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Mahdī (1419h), al-Baḥr al-Madīd fī Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-Majīd, taḥqīq: Aḥmad ʿAbd Allāh al-Qurshī Raslān, (Cairo: Duktur Ḥasan ʿAbbās Zakī, d.t.)
Ibn ʿAjībah, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Mahdī (1419h), al-Baḥr al-Madīd fī Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-Majīd, taḥqīq: Aḥmad ʿAbd Allāh al-Qurshī Raslān, (Cairo: Duktur Ḥasan ʿAbbās Zakī)
Ibn ʿĀshūr, Muḥammad al-Ṭāhir (1984), al-Taḥrīr wa al-Tanwīr [Taḥrīr al-Maʿnā al-Sadīd wa Tanwīr al-ʿAql al-Jadīd min Tafsīr al-Kitāb al-Majīd], (Tunis: al-Dār al-Tūnisiyyah li al-Nashr, d.t.)
Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar b. Kathīr (1998), Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿAẓīm, taḥqīq: Sāmī b. Muḥammad Salāmah, (Beirut: Dār Ṭayyibah, 1st edition)
Ibn Qayyim al-Jawzīyah, Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr b. Ayyūb (1996), Madārij al-Sālikīn bayna Manāzil "Iyyāka Naʿbud wa Iyyāka Nastaʿīn", taḥqīq: Muḥammad al-Muʿtaṣim bi Allāh al-Baghdādī, (Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 3rd edition)
Ibn Qayyim al-Jawzīyah, Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr b. Ayyūb (2019), Ighāthat al-Lahfān fī Maṣāyid al-Shayṭān, taḥqīq: Muḥammad ʿUzayr Shams, (Riyāḍ: Dār ʿAṭāʾāt al-ʿIlm – Beirut: Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 3rd edition)
Ibn Taymiyyah, Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm (2018), Faṣl fī Tazkiyat al-Nafs, iʿnāyah: Fawwāz Muḥammad al-ʿAwḍī, (Kuwait: Maktabat al-Nahj al-Wāḍiḥ, 1st edition)
Ibn Taymiyyah, Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm b. ʿAbd al-Salām (d.t.), Qāʿidah fī al-Maḥabbah, taḥqīq: Muḥammad Rashād Sālim, (Cairo: Maktabat al-Turāth al-Islāmī), 69
Ismāʿīl, Mamdūḥ, "al-Qawmiyyah al-ʿArabiyyah Ḍayyaʿat al-ʿIrāq!", Majallat al-Bayān, (Riyāḍ: al-Muntadā al-Islāmī, d.t.)
Jabal, Muḥammad Ḥasan (2010), al-Muʿjam al-Ishtiqāqī al-Muʾaṣṣal li Alfāẓ al-Qurʾān al-Karīm, (Cairo: Maktabat al-Ādāb, 1st edition)
Jensen, Michael C., and William H. Meckling, “Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure,” Journal of Financial Economics 3, no. 4 (1976)
Kaufmann, Daniel, Corruption, Governance and Growth: Causality Which Way?, (Washington, DC: World Bank Institute, 2004)
Kelsen, Hans, Pure Theory of Law, trans. Max Knight, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967)
Khadr, ʿAbd Allāh Khadr b. Ḥamad (2017), al-Kifāyah fī al-Tafsīr bi al-Māthūr wa al-Dirāyah, (Beirut: Dār al-Qalam, 1st edition)
Maḥjūb, ʿAbbās (1400h), "Bayʾāt al-Tarbiyah al-Islāmiyyah", Majallat al-Jāmiʿah al-Islāmiyyah bi al-Madīnah al-Munawwarah, al-Sanah al-Thāniyah ʿAshrah, al-ʿAdad 46, (al-Madīnah al-Munawwarah: al-Jāmiʿah al-Islāmiyyah, d.t.)
Majmūʿah min al-Buḥthah, Naẓrat al-Naʿīm fī Makārim Akhlāq al-Rasūl al-Karīm ﷺ, ishraf: Ṣāliḥ b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Ḥumayd, (Jeddah: Dār al-Wasīlah li al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, 4th edition)
Majmūʿah min al-Muʾallifīn (d.t.), Maqālāt Mawqiʿ al-Durar al-Sunniyyah, (Riyāḍ: Mawqiʿ al-Durar al-Sunniyyah, dorar.net)
Murād, Faḍl b. ʿAbd Allāh (2016), al-Muqaddimah fī Fiqh al-ʿAṣr, (Ṣanʿāʾ: al-Jīl al-Jadīd Nāshirūn, 2nd edition)
Muslim b. al-Ḥajjāj (1334h), al-Jāmiʿ al-Ṣaḥīḥ (Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim), taḥqīq: Muḥammad Dhahni Afandī wa Majmūʿah, (Turkey: Dār al-Ṭibāʿah al-ʿĀmirah)
Muslim, Muṣṭafā (2005), Mabāḥith fī al-Tafsīr al-Mawḍūʿī, (Dimashq: Dār al-Qalam, 4th edition)
OECD, Principles of Corporate Governance, (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2015)
OECD, Public Integrity Handbook, (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2020)
Rajab, ʿAbd al-Razzāq Aḥmad Asʿad, wa Mujānah Muḥammad ʿAlī Mukhāṭirah (2021), "Manhaj al-Qurʾān wa al-Sunnah fī Muʿālaghat al-Fasād al-Ijtimāʿī", Majallat Jāmiʿat al-Quds al-Maftūḥah li al-Buḥūth al-Insāniyyah wa al-Ijtimāʿiyyah, (d.ʿ.)
Rawls, John, A Theory of Justice, rev. ed., (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999)
Riḍā, Muḥammad Rashīd (1990), Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-Ḥakīm (Tafsīr al-Manār), (Cairo: al-Hayʾah al-Miṣrīyah al-ʿĀmmah li al-Kitāb)
Riḍā, Muḥammad Rashīd b. ʿAlī (1990), Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-Ḥakīm (Tafsīr al-Manār), (Cairo: al-Hayʾah al-Miṣrīyah al-ʿĀmmah li al-Kitāb)
Riḍā, Muḥammad Rashīd b. ʿAlī (2005), al-Waḥy al-Muḥammadī, (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1st edition, 1426h/2005)
Scott, James C., Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998)
Ṣubḥ, ʿAlī ʿAlī (d.t.), al-Taṣwīr al-Qurʾānī li al-Qiyam al-Khulqiyyah wa al-Tashrīʿiyyah, (Cairo: al-Maktabah al-Azharīyah li al-Turāth)
Sunstein, Cass R., Why Nudge? The Politics of Libertarian Paternalism, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014)
Tafsīr al-Kitāb al-Majīd (Tunis: al-Dār al-Tūnisiyyah li al-Nashr, d.t.)
Treviño, L. K., and M. E. Brown, “Managing to be Ethical: Debunking Five Business Ethics Myths,” IEEE Engineering Management Review, (2004)
Tyler, Tom R., Why People Obey the Law, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006)
ʿUlamāʾ Najd al-Aʿlām (1930–1934), Majmūʿat al-Rasāʾil wa al-Masāʾil al-Najdiyyah, (Cairo: Maṭbaʿat al-Manār, 1st edition)
ʿUwayḍah, Muḥammad Naṣr al-Dīn Muḥammad (d.t.), Faṣl al-Khiṭāb fī al-Zuhd wa al-Raqāʾiq wa al-Ādāb, (d.n.)
Weber, Max, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, trans. Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978)
Weber, Max, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, trans. Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978)
Weber, Max, Politics as a Vocation, trans. H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills, (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1965)
Yāsīn Ḥasan, Aymān (2020), "al-Fasād al-Ijtimāʿī wa al-Iqtiṣādī fī Manẓūr al-Qurʾān wa al-Sunnah", Majallat al-Funūn wa al-Adab wa ʿUlūm al-Insānīyāt wa al-Ijtimāʿ, al-ʿAdad 58, UAE
Zarzūr, ʿAdnān Muḥammad (1998), Madkhal ilā Tafsīr al-Qurʾān wa ʿUlūmih, (Dimashq/Beirut: Dār al-Qalam, Dār al-Shāmiyyah, 2nd edition)
