دور الإسلام في إصلاح المسيحية: دراسة للأثر الإسلامي في الحركة البروتستانتية
(The Role of Islam in the Reform of Christianity: A Study of the Islamic Influence on the Protestant Movement)
Abstract
The practices and corruption of the Papacy, its opposition to science, its restrictions on public freedoms, its endorsement of religious superstitions, and the sale of what became known as indulgences, led to the emergence and success of the Protestant movement and the diminishing role of the Catholic Church. A significant similarity has been observed between some of the foundations of Protestant reform and certain Islamic concepts and beliefs, raising questions about the possibility of these ideas being borrowed from Islam. Opinions on this question differ. Some thinkers believe that Protestantism is a purely Christian experience, unaffected by Islam, and that the fundamental differences between Islam and Christianity make it difficult to attribute Protestantism to any Islamic influence, suggesting that the similarities are coincidental or the result of universal human thought. Others argue that the basic ideas of Protestantism are directly borrowed from Islam. By using a range of methodologies, including historical, comparative, and analytical tracking methods, the research concluded that the significant similarity, sometimes reaching the point of exactness, combined with the strong connections between the Christian West and the Islamic world throughout history, and the proven extensive exposure of Protestants to the Quran, the Hadith, and Muslim experiences, strongly supports the hypothesis of borrowing from Islam.
Keywords: Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, papacy, indulgences.
Downloads
References
Al-Qur’ān al-Karīm.
Al-Kitāb al-Muqaddas.
Abd Allāh al-‘Arawī, Ibn Khaldūn wa Machiavelli, tarjamat Khalīl Aḥmad Khalīl, (Bayrūt: Dār al-Sāqī, 1990).
Abū al-Anwār, ‘Ādil, Thuwwār ṣana‘ū al-tārīkh al-‘Arabī ... al-tārīkh kamā yajibu an yakūn, (al-Qāhirah: Maktabat al-Sharīf Mās lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawzī‘, 2017).
Al-Afghānī, Jamāl al-Dīn, al-A‘māl al-Kāmilah li-Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī, taḥqīq Muḥammad ‘Imārah, (al-Qāhirah, 1968).
Al-Atharī, Abū ‘Ammār, al-Brūtistānt tuḥarrifu al-Kitāb al-Muqaddas: shahādāt bi-al-wathā’iq al-nādirah min kutub al-Kāthūlīk wāl’īrthwdhks ‘alá taḥrīf al-Brūtistānt lil-Kitāb al-Muqaddas, bi-dūn Tārīkh.
Al-Ḥawālī, Sifr ibn ‘Abd al-Raḥmān A, al-‘Almānīyah: nash’athā wa-taṭawwuruhā wa-āthāruhā fī al-ḥayāh al-Islāmīyah al-mu‘āṣirah, (Makkah al-Mukarramah: Maṭba‘at Umm al-Qurá, 1982).
Al-Khūlī, Amīn, Ṣilat al-Islām b’ṣlāḥ al-Masīḥīyah, (al-Qāhirah: al-Hay’ah al-Miṣrīyah al-‘Āmmah lil-Kitāb, 1993).
Beeke, Joel R., “Christ Alone”, Tabletalk Magazine, Ligonier Ministries, November 2012.
Bernstadt, John W., The Infidel Scourge of God: The Turkish Menace as Seen by German Philosophers on The Reformation Era, The American Philosophical Society, New Series – Volume 58, Part 9, Philadelphia, December, 1968.
Brotton, Jerry, England’s Forgotten Muslim History, New York Times, Sept. 17, 2016.
Bwlyt, Rītshārd, Dif‘an ‘an al-Ḥaḍārah al-Islāmīyah – al-Masīḥīyah, tarjamat Maḥmūd Ḥaddād, (Dār al-Nahār lil-Nashr, bi-dūn Tārīkh).
Cutler, Schaff Philip, The Principle of Protestantism: Lancaster Series on the Mercersburg Theology (1), (Wipf and Stock, 2004).
Dustūr, majmū‘ah al-qawānīn wa-al-anẓimah al-ṣādirah fī al-dawlah al-‘Uthmānīyah, tarjamat Nawfal Ni‘mah Allāh Afandī, al-mujallad al-Awwal (Bayrūt: 1310h).
Ḥannā ‘Īsá, al-Burūtistāntīyah: al-Mu‘taqadāt wa-al-madhāhib, Ṣaḥīfat al-Madīnah al-Urdunīyah, 18/8/ 2018.
Hndāyks, Sakkūt atsh, Mārtin Lūthar: muqaddimah qaṣīrah jiddan, tarjamat Kawthar Maḥmūd Muḥammad, (al-Qāhirah: Mu’assasat Hindāwī lil-ta‘līm wa-al-Thaqāfah, 2014).
Ibn Ḥazm, Abū Muḥammad ‘Alī ibn Aḥmad ibn Sa‘īd, al-faṣl fī al-milal wāl’ahwā’ wa-al-niḥal, J 1, taḥqīq Muḥammad Ibrāhīm Naṣr wa-‘Abd al-Raḥmān ‘Umayrah, (Bayrūt: Dār al-Jīl, 1996).
‘Imārah, Muḥammad, al-dawlah al-Islāmīyah bayna al-‘Almānīyah wa-al-sulṭah al-dīnīyah, (al-Qāhirah: Dār al-Thaqāfah al-Jadīdah, 1980).
In‘ām bint Muḥammad ‘Aqīl, ṭawā’if al-Kanīsah al-Burūtistāntīyah wa-‘aqā’iduhā: dirāsah muqāranah, (Jiddah: Maktabat al-muhtadīn, 2013).
Jerkins, Jae, Islam in the Early Modern Protestant Imagination, Eras, Edition 13, Issue 2, June 2012.
Karabela, Mehmet, Islamic thought through Protestant eyes, (New York London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2021).
Lūbūn, Ghūstāf, Ḥaḍārat al-‘Arab, tarjamat ‘Ādil Zu‘aytir, (al-Qāhirah: Mu’assasat Hindāwī lil-ta‘līm wa-al-Thaqāfah, 2013).
Luther, Martin, First Principles of the Reformation or the Ninety-Five Theses and the Three Primary Works, edited by Henry Wace D.D. and C.A. Buchheim (London: William Clowes, 1883).
Luther, Martin, On the War Against the Turk, 1528, Weimar Ed., 30 2:107ff.; Erlangen Ed. 31:31ff.; St. Louis Ed. 20:2108 ff.; Berlin Ed., 7:438ff.
Luwīs, Birnārd, al-Gharb wa-al-Sharq al-Awsaṭ, tarjamat al-Duktūr Nabīl Ṣubḥī al-Ṭawīl, (al-Qāhirah: Kitāb al-Mukhtār, ‘adad 23, 1973).
Lynch, Francis, Protestantism and Islam: Points of Contact, Faith Magazine, January - February 2007.
Melissa Elizabeth Cutler, The History of the Christian Bible, 2010.
Schaff, Philip, The Principle of Protestantism: Lancaster Series on the Mercersburg Theology (1), Wipf and Stock, 2004.
Shalabī, Ra’ūf, Aḍwā’ ‘alá al-Masīḥīyah: Dirāsāt fī uṣūl al-Masīḥīyah, (Bayrūt: al-Maktabah al-‘Aṣrīyah, 1975).
Shams al-Dīn, Muḥammad al-Mahdī, al-‘Almānīyah: taḥlīl wa-naqd lil-‘almānīyah muḥtawá wa-tārīkhan fī muwājahat al-Masīḥīyah wa-al-Islām, (Bayrūt: al-Mu’assasah al-Jāmi‘īyah lil-Dirāsāt wa-al-Nashr, 1983).
Tawfīq al-Ṭawīl, qiṣṣat al-nizāʻ bayna al-Dīn wa-al-falsafah, (al-Qāhirah: Maktabat al-Ādāb, bi-dūn Tārīkh).
Walter Andreas Euler, Nicolas of Cusa and Martin Luther on Islam, Revista Española de Filosofía Medieval, 26/1 (2019).
Yūsuf, Jūzīf Nasīm, al-Islām wa-al-Masīḥīyah wa-ṣirāʻ al-quwá baynahumā fī al-‘uṣūr al-Wusṭá, (al-Azārīṭah: Dār al-Fikr al-Jāmi‘ī, 1986).
