هل يصحّ أن يستقلّ العقلُ بإصدار الأحكام الأخلاقية؟ دراسة تحليلية لآراء الجاحظ والشاطبي وطه عبد الرحمن
(Can the Intellect Autonomously Make Ethical Judgments? An Analytical Study of the Perspectives of al-Jāḥiẓ, al-Shāṭibī, and Taha Abdurrahman)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31436/attajdid.v28i55.1043Abstract
ملخص البحث
فضّل الله الإنسان على كثير ممن خلق تفضيلًا، ونحله نعمة العقل الذي هو مناط التكليف، وموئل التشريف، ومدار الثواب والعقاب، ولا نزاع بين البشر في أن العقل ممكّنٌ بالفطرة المركوزة في الإنسان من التمييز بين الحق والباطل، والخير والشر، ولكن هل يستقلّ العقل بمعونة هذا التمكينِ الغريزيّ والاستعداد الفطريّ بإصدار أحكام أخلاقية عن جميع تفاصيل الخُيورِ والشرور وجزئياتها المنطوية في أقوال العباد وأفعالهم؟ يرى جلّ علماء الإسلام أن لا أهلية للعقل في أن يُصدر أحكامًا أخلاقية من دون هدي من الشرع، ومن ثم يتناول البحث بالتحليل آراء ثلاثة علماء نفوا قدرة العقل على استقلاله أخلاقيًا، وهم أبو عثمان الجاحظ (ت255ه)، فيلسوف ومتكلم، وأبو إسحاق الشاطبي (ت791ه)، فقيه وأصولي، وطه عبد الرحمن، فيلسوف أخلاق، فقد قدم كل واحد منهم حججه ونقاشاته في تأييد ما أجمعت عليه كلمتهم من ضرورة تبعية العقل البشري لأحكام الشريعة، ويخلص البحث إلى أن انعدام كفاءة العقل في إصدار الحكم الخلقي مردّه إلى ثلاثة أسباب، هي قصور العقل المتمثل في محدوديته ونسبيته وتقلبه، وتسلط الأهواء والشهوات على قراراته وأحكامه، وخصوصية القيم الأخلاقية في الإسلام المتشابكة مع الفقه والمقاصد، وهذا الواقع يستدعي إلحاق الأخلاق بالوحي والتوجيه الإلهي كي ينتقل العقل من ضيق أفقه المحدود إلى رحابة الحكمة الإلهية غير المحدودة.
الكلمات المفتاحية: الأخلاق، العقل، الوحي، الجاحظ، الشاطبي، طه عبد الرحمن.
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