Pharmacy Students’ Views on the Inclusion of Immunisation Training in the Pharmacy Curriculum

Main Article Content

Nur Aisyah Amiza Mohd Nizam
Norny Syafinaz Ab Rahman
Christopher John Turner
Nor Hidayah Mohd Taufek

Abstract

Introduction: Immunisation services are usually provided by healthcare workers who receive training in the field of immunisation. In Malaysia, limited exposure of pharmacy students in receiving immunisation training is partly due to lack involvement of pharmacists in immunisation programme. This study aimed to explore the insights of pharmacy students who received introductory training on the role of pharmacist in immunisation and the feasibility of introducing immunisation modules in the pharmacy curriculum.  


Materials and method: Five focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with undergraduate final year pharmacy students who participated in an immunisation workshop. A guide was used to explore students’ experiences, challenges faced, learning perceived, perception, and suggestions for improvement from participants. Data were extracted from interview transcripts, sorted, and coded using Atlas.ti® version 9 and subjected to thematic analysis.  


Results: There were four themes emerged from the FGDs: 1) Acquisition of new learning and skills, 2) Challenges in competency development, 3) Applicability of knowledge in practice, and 4) University initiatives on immunisation training.


Conclusion: Pharmacy students who received introductory training on the role of pharmacist in immunisation perceived its importance and suggested introducing immunisation modules into pharmacy curriculum.

Article Details

How to Cite
Mohd Nizam, N. A. A. ., Ab Rahman, N. S., Turner, C. J., & Mohd Taufek , N. H. (2025). Pharmacy Students’ Views on the Inclusion of Immunisation Training in the Pharmacy Curriculum. Journal of Pharmacy, 5(2), 191–202. https://doi.org/10.31436/jop.v5i2.332
Section
Original Articles

References

Al Aloola, N., Alsaif, R., Alhabib, H. & Alhossan, A. (2020). Community needs and preferences for community pharmacy immunization services. Vaccine, 38(32), 5009-5014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.060 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.060

Al-lela, O. Q. B., Bahari, M. B., Elkalmi, R. M., & Awadh, A. I. J. (2012). Incorporating an immunization course in the pharmacy curriculum: Malaysian experience. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 76(10), 206. https://doi: 10.5688/ajpe7610206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7610206

Ang W.C., Fadzil M.S., Ishak F.N., Adenan N.N. & Mohamed M.H.N. (2022). Readiness and willingness of Malaysian community pharmacists in providing vaccination services. Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, 15(1), 81. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-022-00478-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-022-00478-0

Bach, A. T., & Goad, J. A. (2015). The role of community pharmacy-based vaccination in the USA: current practice and future directions. Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice, 1(4), 67-77. https://doi.org/10.2147/IPRP.S63822 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/IPRP.S63822

Balkhi, B., Aljadhey, H., Mahmoud, M.A. et al. (2018). Readiness and willingness to provide immunization services: a survey of community pharmacists in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Safety in Health, 4(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40886-018-0068-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40886-018-0068-y

Bragazzi, N.L. (2019). Pharmacists as Immunizers: The Role of Pharmacies in Promoting Immunization Campaigns and Counteracting Vaccine Hesitancy. Pharmacy, 7(4), 166. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy7040166 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy7040166

Bushell, M., Frost, J., Deeks, L., Kosari, S., Hussain, Z., & Naunton, M. (2020). Evaluation of vaccination training in pharmacy curriculum: preparing students for workforce needs. Pharmacy, 8(3), 151. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy8030151 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy8030151

Bustreo, F., Okwo-Bele, J. M., & Kamara, L. (2015). World Health Organization perspectives on the contribution of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization on reducing child mortality. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 100(1), 34-37. https://doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-305693 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2013-305693

Carroll, P. R., Chen, Y., Vicheth, P., Webber, P., & Hanrahan, J. R. (2020). Evaluation of a vaccination training program for pharmacy graduands in Australia. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 12(7), 850-857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2020.02.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2020.02.016

Church, D., Johnson, S., Raman-Wilms, L., Schneider, E., Waite, N., & Pearson Sharpe, J. (2016). A literature review of the impact of pharmacy students in immunization initiatives. Canadian Pharmacists Journal/Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada, 149(3), 153-165. https://doi.org/10.1177/1715163516641133 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1715163516641133

Costantino C, Amodio E, Calamusa G, Vitale F, Mazzucco W. (2016). Could university training and a proactive attitude of coworkers be associated with influenza vaccination compliance? A multicentre survey among Italian medical residents. Medical Education, 16 (1), 38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-016-0558-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-016-0558-8

Dalgado, A., Patel, J., Kim, J., Helm, K., Williams, K., Kadariya, K. & Anwar, M. (2023). Need a flu jab? Let’s try pharmacy: patient characteristics and experiences with pharmacy immunisation services. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 31(4), 380-386. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riad026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riad026

Doyle-Campbell, C., Spooner, J. J., Ondrush, N., & Thomas, E. (2022). Student attitudes regarding timing of immunization training within the pharmacy curriculum: Optimizing immunization training in pharmacy schools in the United States. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 14(9), 1098-1103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2022.07.027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2022.07.027

Esther T.L.L., Rochin M.E., Deldot M., Glass B.D. & Nissen L.M. (2017). There’s No Touching in Pharmacy”: Training Pharmacists for Australia’s First Pharmacist Immunization Pilot. The Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 70(4), 281–287. https://doi.org/10.4212/cjhp.v70i4.1678

Gibson, E., Zameer, M., Alban, R., & Kouwanou, L. M. (2023). Community Health Workers as Vaccinators: A Rapid Review of the Global Landscape, 2000-2021. Global Health, Science and Practice, 11(1), e2200307. https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-22-00307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-22-00307

Isenor, J. E., & Bowles, S. K. (2019). Opportunities for pharmacists to recommend and administer routine vaccines. Canadian Pharmacists Journal/Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada, 152(6), 401-405. https://doi.org/10.1177/1715163519878473 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1715163519878473

Kolobovaa, I., Nyakua M. K., Karakusevicb A., Bridgeb D., Fotheringhamb L., & O’Briena M., (2022). Vaccine uptake and barriers to vaccination among at-risk adult populations in the US. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 18(5), 13. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2022.2055422 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2022.2055422

Kubli, K., McBane, S., Hirsch, J. D., & Lorentz, S. (2017). Student pharmacists' perceptions of immunizations. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 9(3), 479-485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2017.02.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2017.02.005

Lau, E. T., Rochin, M. E., DelDot, M., Glass, B. D., & Nissen, L. M. (2017). “There’s No Touching in Pharmacy”: training pharmacists for Australia’s first pharmacist immunization pilot. The Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 70(4), 281. https://doi.org/10.4212/cjhp.v70i4.1678 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4212/cjhp.v70i4.1678

Le L.M., Veettil S.K., Donaldson D., Kategeaw W., Hutubessy R., Lambach P. & Chaiyakunapruk N. (2022). The impact of pharmacist involvement on immunization uptake and other outcomes: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 62(5), 1499-1513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2022.06.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2022.06.008

Lin, J. L., Bacci, J. L., Reynolds, M. J., Li, Y., Firebaugh, R. G., & Odegard, P. S. (2018). Comparison of two training methods in community pharmacy: project VACCINATE. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 58(4), 94-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2018.04.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2018.04.003

Mills, S., Emmerton, L., & Sim, T. F. (2021). Immunization training for pharmacy students: a student-centered evaluation. Pharmacy Practice, 19(3), 2427. https://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2021.3.2427 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18549/PharmPract.2021.3.2427

Nyumba O., T., Wilson, K., Derrick, C. J., & Mukherjee, N. (2018). The use of focus group discussion methodology: Insights from two decades of application in conservation. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 9(1), 20-32. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/32495 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12860

Plotkin, S. (2014). History of vaccination. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(34), 12283-12287. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1400472111 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1400472111

Prescott, W., A., & Bernhardi, C., (2019). Immunization Education in US Pharmacy Colleges and Schools. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 83 (5) 67-65. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe6765 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe6765

Poudel A., Esther T.L.L, Deldot M., Campbell C., Waite N.M. & Nissen M.L. (2019). Pharmacist role in vaccination: Evidence and challenges. Journal of Vaccine, 37(40), 5939-5945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.060 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.060

Safadi, M. A. P. (2023). The importance of immunization as a public health instrument. Jornal de Pediatria, 99(1), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2022.12.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2022.12.003

Sayyed, S. A., Kinny, F. A., Sharkas, A. R., Schwender, H., Woltersdorf, R., Ritter, C., & Laeer, S. (2024). Vaccination training for pharmacy undergraduates as a compulsory part of the curriculum?—a multicentric observation. Pharmacy, 12(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy12010012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy12010012

Skoy, E. T., Eukel, H. N., & Frenzel, J. E. (2013). Comparison of low- and higher-fidelity simulation to train and assess pharmacy students' injection technique. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 77(2), 33. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe77233 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe77233

Srirangan, K., & Lavenue, A. (2021). Helping québec pharmacists seize the vaccination service opportunity: the pharmacy best practice workshops. Pharmacy, 9(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy9010051 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy9010051

Tian Y, Hu D, Li Y, Yang L. (2022). Development of therapeutic vaccines for the treatment of diseases. Molecular Biomedicine, 3(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43556-022-00098-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43556-022-00098-9

Wong, L. P., Wong, P. F., & AbuBakar, S. (2020). Vaccine hesitancy and the resurgence of vaccine preventable diseases: the way forward for Malaysia, a Southeast Asian country. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 16(7), 1511–1520. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2019.1706935 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2019.1706935

Yemeke, T. T., McMillan, S., Marciniak, M. W., & Ozawa, S. (2021). A systematic review of the role of pharmacists in vaccination services in low-and middle-income countries. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 17(2), 300-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.03.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.03.016

Most read articles by the same author(s)

<< < 1 2