Unravelling the Potential of Trans-3-Hydroxycinnamic Acid on Metabolic Indices, Biochemical, and Haematological Parameters in Rats with Metabolic Disturbances

Abstract

Introduction: Metabolic disturbances caused by high-calorie diets contribute significantly to global mortality. Trans-3-hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA), a bioactive antioxidant, may offer protective effects against such imbalances. This study evaluated the metabolic, biochemical, and haematological effects of HCA in rats fed a high-fat, high-fructose (HFHF) diet. Materials and Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats aged 7-8 weeks were fed with HFHF diet for 6 consecutive weeks. Rats with metabolic disturbances received HCA at 15 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, or 60 mg/kg, and were continuously fed with HFHF diet for another 6 weeks. Normal control rats received normal pellets. The effects of HCA on metabolic indices, biochemical, and haematological parameters were evaluated. Results: HCA treatment for 6 weeks ameliorates metabolic indices, including weight gain, Lee obesity index, abdominal and thoracic circumferences, TC/HDL ratio, glucose, and fat pad deposition. Improved AST and ALT levels indicated the hepatoprotective effect of HCA, supported by decreased fat vacuolation. The most significant effects were observed at 30 mg/kg.  No significant haematological or renal toxicity was detected. Conclusion: Our results indicated HCA at 30 mg/kg is the optimum dose that exerts its ameliorative effects in reducing metabolic indices, along with no severe biochemical and haematological changes.