High-Intensity Interval Training as A Game-Changer in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic health condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by high blood sugar or glucose levels due to the body's inability to produce or use insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (Type 2 DM) is the most common form of diabetes, accounting for up to 90% of all cases, and is often linked to lifestyle factors such as poor diet, lack of exercise, and obesity. Physical activity is a highly effective intervention for managing and preventing Type 2 DM. Exercise helps to lower blood sugar levels, improve insulin sensitivity, and promote weight loss. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a specific type of exercise that involves short bursts of intense activity followed by periods of rest or low-intensity exercise. HIIT has been found to be particularly effective for patients with Type 2 DM, as it can improve glucose control and cardiovascular health in a relatively short amount of time. This review delves into the role of HIIT in managing Type 2 DM, highlighting its ability to increase insulin sensitivity through processes such as GLUT 4 translocation, mitochondrial activity, and vasodilator function, as well as improving glycaemic control by increasing aerobic capacity and the activity of mitochondria. By synthesizing recent research, we aimed to provide insights in a narrative review of the benefits and mechanisms of HIIT for managing Type 2 DM.