مكانة الظَّنِّ من الاستدلال في علوم الأصول قراءةٌ معرفيَّةٌ (The Role of Probability in Argumentation of the Usul-Sciences An Epistemological Study)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31436/jia.v15i2.742Abstract
أكثر ما يتميز به الفكر اليوناني إنتاجُه مجموعة الأبحاث المنهجية العقلية التي أودعها أرسطو كتبًا ثمانية سمَّى مجموعها (الأورغانون)، وبه يتميز العلم اليقيني مما ليس يقينًا، فكأنه المعيار للعلوم كلها، ومن خلاله ناقشت الفلسفة اليونانية موضوعاتها، أي: الإنسان، والطبيعة، والإله، فحاولت إثارة المشاكل فيها، وإيجاد الحلول لها من خلال النظر العقلي الخالص، ثم تُعورف في الثقافة الإسلامية على تسمية هذا المجموع (المنطق)، ولم ترُق المنهجية اليقينية التي يتطلَّبها لعلماء الأصول من فقهاء ومتكلمين ونحويين؛ متقدِّميهم وبعض متأخِّريهم، فهاجموها، وبيَّنوا خطأها، وسعوا إلى إقامة منطق إسلامي جديد في جوهره، فنظروا في أخصِّ ما للمنطق اليوناني، وأرادوا مناقضته والاعتراض عليه، فإذا كانت المنهجية اليقينية سمة المنطق اليوناني؛ فإن المنهجية الظنية سمة المنطق الإسلامي؛ عنها صدر الأصوليون في استدلالاتهم، ومن ثم أسَّسوا معرفيًّا للظن في الفكر الإسلامي؛ ليُمثل منهجية أصولية مركزية مُميِّزة إياه، وعليه؛ تتحرى هذه القراءة بيان مكانة الظن من الاستدلال في علم الأصول؛ بقسميه الاستقراء والقياس، وما يتعلق بهما؛ أي التعليل.
الكلمات المفتاحيّة: الفكر الإسلامي، علوم الأصول، الأصوليون، الظن، الاستدلال.
Abstract
Most of the Greek thought can be characterized as projections of rational methodologies which were put together in "the Organon" by Aristotle. As a standard for all sciences, rational methodologies are used to distinguish the certain from the probability. Through it, the Greek philosophers discussed subjects such as the human, nature, and God. They tried to raise objections, and find solutions through pure rational contentions. Then this methodology was introduced in the Islamic culture with a collective name al-Mantiq. It did not live up to the certainty methodology required by the scholars of the principles of Fiqh, Kalam, and Grammarians. The early and some of the later usul-scholars criticized this methodology, and pointed to its mistakes and sought to establish Islamic Logic new in essence. They looked at the Greek Logic in particular, intending to oppose and object on it. If the methodology of certainty is one of the features of Greek Logic, then the methodology of probability is the feature of the Islamic Logic. From it the usul-scholars derived their evidences, and from it they established an epistemology for probability in Islamic thought in order to represent the central distinct usuli-methodology. Therefore this study investigates to explain the position of probability in the usul science, in its two categories induction and syllogism, and its sister concepts such as causality.
Keywords: Islamic Thought, Ilm-al-usul, Usuliyun, probability, Inference.
References
Ibrahim, Ibrahim. Mantiq al-Istiqra (al-Mantiq al-Hadith). Al-iskandariah: mansha’ah al-m’arif, 1999.
Ibn abi usaiba’ah, ahmad bin al-qasim. Uyun al-anba fi tabqat al-atibba. Tahqiq: nazzar raza, bairut: dar maktabah al-hayat.
Ibn al-anbari, abd al-Rahman bin Muhammed. Al-ighrab fi jadl al-I’arab. Tahqiq: saeed al-afghani. Damishq: matb’ah al-jami’ah al-suriya, 1957.
Ibn al-anbari, abd al-Rahman bin Muhammed. Lam’a al-adillah. Tahqiq: saeed al-afghani. Damishq: matb’ah al-jami’ah al-suriya, 1957.
Ibn al-subki, abd al-wahhab bin Ali. Al-ashbah wa al-nadhayer. Tahqiq: adil ahmad abd al-maujud, ali Muhammad ‘ewadh. Bairut: dar al-kutub al-‘ilmiya, 1991.
Ibn al-subki, abd al-wahhab bin Ali. Jam’a al-jawam’e. tahqiq: abd al-mun’im Ibrahim. Bairut: dar al-kutub al-‘ilmiya.
Ibn al-subki, abd al-wahhab bin Ali. Raf’a al-hajib an mukhtasar ibn al-hajib. Tahqiq: ali mu’awwidh, adil abd al-maujud. Bairut: alam al-kutub, 1999.
Ibn al-siraj, Muhammad bin al-sirri. Al-usul fi al-nahw. Tahqiq: abd al-husain al-fatli. Bairut: muassas al-risalah, 1996.
Ibn al-najjar, Muhammad bin Ahmed. Sharh al-kaukab al-munir. Tahqiq: Muhammad al-zahili, naziah hammad. Al-riyad: maktabah al-abikan, 2009.
Ibn al-nadim, Muhammad bin ishaq. Al-fehrist. Tahqiq raza tajaddud. Tohran 1971.
Ibn taimiyah, ahmad bin abd al-halim. Al-risalah al-tadmiriyah. Tahqiq: Muhammad bin ‘audah al-s’awi. Al-riyadh: maktabah al-abikan, 2000.
Ibn taimiya, ahmad bin abd al-halim. Maju’a al-fatawa. Ja’aha abd al-Rahman al-najdi wa ibnuhu Muhammad. Al-madinah Munawwarah: majm’a al-malik fahad li tab’ah al-mushaf al-sharif, 1425.
Ibn jani, uthman bin jani. Al-khasais. Tahqiq: Muhammad ali al-najjar. Al-qaherah: dar al-kutub al-misriyyah.
Ibn sab’ien, abd al-haque bin Ibrahim. Rasael ibn sab’ien. Tahqiq: abd al-rahman badwi. Al-qaherah: dar al-taba’ah al-hadithiyah.
Ibn qayyim al-jauziyah, Muhammad bin abi bakar. Al-sawa’iq al-mursalah ala al-juhmiyah wa al-mu’attah. Tahqiq: ali bin Muhammad al-dakhil Allah. Al-Riyadh: dar al-‘asimah, 1408.
Abu al-makarim, ali. Usul al-tafkir al-nahwi. Al-qaherah: dar gharib, 2006.
Abu al-makarim, Ali. Taqwim al-fikar al-nahwi. Al-qaherah: dar gharib, 2005.
Arastu. Mantiq arastu. Tahqiq: abd al-rahman badwi. Al-kuwait: wakah al-matbu’at. Bairut: dar al-qalam, 1980.
Al-iji, abd al-rahmanbin ahmad. Al-mawaqif fi ilm al-kalam. Bairut: alam al-kutub.
Al-baqillani, Muhammad bin tayyib. Kitab al-tamhid. ‘ana bi tashihi al-adab ritshard yusuf mukarithi al-yasu’i. bairut: al-maktabah al-sharqiyah, 1957.
Al-bukhari, Muhammad bin isma’il. Al-jam’e al-sahih. I’atana bihi Muhammad zuhair bin nasir al-nasir. Bairut: dar tauq al-najah, 1522.
Badwi: abd al-Rahman. Manahij al-bahth al-ilmi. Al-kuwait: wakalah al-matbu’at, 1977.
Badwi, abd al-rahman. Mausu’ah al-falsafah. Bairut: al-mu’assasah al-arabia li al-dirasat wa al-nashr, 1984.
Al-baha al-‘amli, Muhammad bin husain. Al-kashkol. Bairut: muassasah al-‘almi li al-ta’ah, 1983.
Al-tahanawi, Muhammad bin ali. Kasshaf istilahat al-funun wa al-‘ulum. Tahqiq jam’u min al, muhaqqiqin. Bairut: maktabah lebnan nashirun, 1996.
Al-tauhidi, Ali bin Muhammad. Al-imtin’a wa al- mu’anasah. Tahqiq: Ahmad Amin; ahmad al-zain. Al-qaherah: dar maktabah al-hayat.
Al-jabiri, Muhammad ‘Abid. Bunyah al-aql al-arabi. Bairut: dirasat al-wahdah al-arabia, 2009.
Al-jurjani, ali bin Muhammad. Al-t’arifat. Tahqiq: Ibrahim al-abyari. Bairut: dar al-kitab al-arabi,1405.
Al-harithi, wail. ‘alaqah ilm usul al-fiqh bi ilm al-mantiq. Risalah majester: qism usul al-fiqh, kulliyah al-shari’ah wa al-dirasat al-islamia, jami’ah umm al-qura, al-mamlikah al-arabia al-saudiah, 1431.
Hibnakah al-maidani, abd al-rahman. Dhawabit al-m’arifah wa usul al-istidlal wa al-munadharah. Damishq: dar al-qalam, 1993.
Hamuyah, adham Muhammad ali. Al-usas al-mantiqiyah li al-istiqra al-nahwi. Majallah al-tajdid, 2016.
Hamuyah, adham Muhammad ali. Manzilah al-t’alil al-nahwi min al-t’alil al-usuli. Majallah jami’ah al-b’ath li al-ulum al-insaniyah, 2016.
Khan, Muhammad. Usul al-nahw al-arabi. Basukrah: tab’ah jami’ah Muhammad khuzair, 2012.
Al-razi, Muhammad bin umar, muhassal afkar al-mutaqaddim’in wa al-mutakkhir’in min al-ulama wa al-hukama wa al-mutakallim’in. bi hamishihi: talkhis al-muhassal; li al-tusi, Muhammad bin Muhammad. Tahqiq: taha s’ad. Al-qaherah: maktabah al-kulliyat al-azhariyah.
Al-raisuni, ahmad. Nadhriyah al-taqrib wa al-taghlib wa tatbiqatuha fi al-ulum al-islamia. Miknas: matb’a mus’ab, 1994.
Al-zujaji, abd al-rahman bin ishaq. Al-idhah fi ilal al-nahw. Tahqiq: mazin al- Mubarak. Bairut: dar al-nafayes, 1979.
Al-zarkashi, Muhammad bin abd-Allah. Al-bahr al-muhit. Harrarahu abd al-Qadir abd-Allah al-‘ani; raja’ahu: umar sulaiman al-ashqar, manshurat wazarah al-auqaf wa al-shu'on al-islamiah fi al-kuwait. Al-ghardaqah: dar al-safwah, 1992.
Al-zarkashi, Muhammad bin abd-Allah. Al-manthur fi al-qawa’id. Tahqiq: Muhammad hasan isma’iel. Bairut: dar al-kutub al-‘ilmiyah, 2001.
Al-subuki, ali bin abd al-kafi; ibnuhu, abd al-wahhab bin ali. Al-ibhaj fi sharh al-minhaj. Bairut: dar al-kutub al-‘ilmia, 1995.
Al-sajistani, Muhammad bin tahir. Sawan al-hikmah. Tahqiq: abd al-rahman badwi. Bar’is: dar bibliyun, 2004.
Al-sarkhasi, Muhammad bin ahmad. Al-usul. Tahqiq: abi al-wafa al-afghani, lajnah I’hya al-m’arif al-n’omaniah fi hydarabad al-dakkan. Bairut: dar al-kutub al-‘ilmiyah, 1993.
Al-a’adi, abd al-hakim. Mabahith al-‘illah fi al-qiyas ‘ind al-usuliyeen. Bairut: dar al-bashaer al-islamiah, 2000.
Al-suyuti, abd al-rahman bin abi bakar. Al-itqan fi ‘ulum al-quran. Markaz al-dirasat al-quraniah, manshurat wazarah al-shu’on al-islamiyah wa al-auqaf wa al-d’awah wa al-irshad fi al-mamlakah al-arabiah al-saudiah. Al-madinah al-munawwarah: majm’a al-malik fahad li taba’ah al-mushaf sharif, 1426.
Al-suyuti, abd al-rahman bin abi bakar. Al-ashbah wa al-nadhayer. I’adad markaz al-dirasat wa al-buhuth bi maktabah nazzar al-baz. Makaah al-mukarramah; al-Riyadh: maktabah nazzar Mustafa al-baz, 1997.
Al-suyuti, abd al-rahman bin abi bakr. Al-iqtirah fi usul al-nahw. Tahqiq: Muhammad sulaiman yaqut. Al-qaherah: dar al-m’arifah al-jami’ah, 2006.
Al-shatibi, Ibrahim bin musa. Al-muwafaqat fi usul al-shari’ah. Tahqiq: abd-Allah daraz. Al-qaherah: al-maktabah al-tijariah al-kubra.
Al-shaf’i, Muhammad bin idris. Al-risalah. Tahqiq” ahmad shakir. Al-qaherah: maktabah wa matb’ah Mustafa al-babi al-halbi, 1940.
Al-shahristani, Muhammad bin abd al-karim. Al-milal wa al-nahl. Tahqiq: Am’ir mahna; ali fa’ur. Bairut: dar al-m’arifah, 1993.
Al-shahristani, Muhammad bin abd al-karim. Nihayah al-iqdam fi ‘ilm al-kalam. Tahqiq: al-fard jiyum. London: matb’ah jami’ah oxford, 1934.
Al-shaukani, Muhammad bin ali. Nail al-autar sharh muntaha al-akhbar. Bairut: dar al-fikar, 1414.
Al-shirazi, Ibrahim bin ali. Al-lam’u fi usul al-fiqh. Bairut: dar al-kutub al-‘ilmiyah, 2003.
Saleh, aiman. Athr t’alil al-nas ala dalalatihi. Oman: dar a;-m’ali, 1999.
Al-sadr, Muhammad baqir. Al-usas al-mantiqiyah li al-istiqra. Bairut: dar al-t’aruf li al-matbu’at, 1986.
Saliba, jam’il. Al-m’ujam al-falsafi. Bairut: dar al-kutub al-lebnani, 1982.
Al-‘asqalani, ahmad bin ali. Fat’h al-bari bi sharh sahih al-bukhari. Al-qaherah: dar al-rayyan li al-turath, 1407.
Al-‘askari, al-hasan bin abd-Allah. Al-awail. Tahqiq: Muhammad al-sayyid al-wakil. Tanta; al-mansurah: dar al-bashir li al-thaqafah wa al-ulum al-islamiyah, 1987.
Ukashah, raid jamil, al-jundi, Muhammad ali; khurmah; marwah mahmud. Al-falsafah fi al-fikr al-islami; qira’ah manhajiyah wa m’arafiyah. Hirandan; farjinia: al-m’ahad al-‘alami li al-fikr al-islami, 2012.
Al-ghazali, Muhammad bin Muhammad. Al-mustasfamin ‘ilm al-susl. Tahqiq: hamzah bin zahir hafiz. Jeddah: shirkah al-madinah al-munawwarah li al-tiba’ah.
Al-ghazali, Muhammad bin Muhammad. Tahafat al-balasafah. Tahqiq: sulaiman duniya. Al=qaherah: dar al=m’arif.
Al-ghazali, Muhammad bin Muhammad. M’iyar al-‘ilm fi al-mantiq. Tahqiq: sulaiman duniya. Al-qaherah: dar al-m’arif, 1961.
Al-ghazali, Muhammad bin Muhammad. Maqasid al-falasfa. Tahqiq: Muhammad biju. Damishq: matb’ah al-dhibah, 2000.
Al-qarafi, ahmad bin idris. Anwar al-buruq fi anwa al-furuq. Wadh’a faharisihi qal’ah ji. Bairut: dar al-m’arifah.
Al-kafwi, ayyub bin musa. Al-kulliyat. Tahqiq: adnan durwesh; Muhammad al-misri. Bairut: muassasah al-risalah, 1998.
Malik bin Anas. Al-Muatta. Bairut: Dar Ihya al-Turath al-‘Arabi,1406.
Mahmud, Zaki Najib. Al-Mantiq al-Wadh’i. al-Qaherah: Maktabah al-Unjlu al-Misriya, 1965.
Al-m’ari, hmad bin abd-Allah. Al-luzumiyat. Tahqiq: am’in abd al-‘aziz al-khanji. Bairut: al-qaherah: maktabah al-hilal, maktabah al-khanji, 1342.
Al-Nashar, Ali Sami. Al-Mantiq al-Suwari Munzu Arastu hatta Usurina al-HaÌirah. Al-Qahirah: Dar al-Ma’arifah al-Jami’ah, 2000.
Al-Nashar, Ali Sami. Manahij al-bahth ‘ind mufakkiri al-Islam. Bairut: Dar al-Nahdhaj al-Arabia, 1984.
Al-Nashar, Ali Sami. Nash’ah al-Fikr al-Falsafi fi al-Islam. Al-Qaherah: Dar al-MaÑarif, 1977.
