The Concept of Punishment for Adultery in Islamic Sharia Law in Kelantan for the Year of 2015
مفهوم جريمة الزنا في الشريعة الإسلامية والقانون الجنائي ولاية كلنتن لعام 2015م
Keywords:
Adultery, definition, elements, Shariʿah Law, KelantanAbstract
Adultery is a social crime that has been prohibited by divine religions, positive laws, and social customs because it is totally contradicted with the moral principles. This is due to the fact that it involves a violation of honor and leads to confusion in lineage. It is not, as some misguided individuals claim, merely a personal matter carried out by mutual consent between a man and a woman. Islam has sufficiently clarified the seriousness of this crime, and Islamic legislation has specified its ruling and the punishment for its perpetrator, as detailed by jurists in their works, so that people have no excuse before God for violating His sacred limits in this world and the Hereafter. The concept of the crime of adultery, as stated in Sharia Law is the prescription of punishment (ḥadd) for adultery as well as deterring people from approaching it. This study addresses the definition of adultery and its essential elements as explained by the jurists in their classical writings, in comparison with the Sharia Criminal Law of the State of Kelantan (2015). This research adopts a library-based methodology relying on the works of leading jurists and scholars published throughout the ages in Islamic libraries, focusing on the definition of adultery and its elements as elaborated by jurists, and comparing them with the Sharia Criminal Law of the State of Kelantan (2015). The study centers on the concept of the crime of adultery and its constituent elements. The study demonstrates that Islamic Sharia, with its higher objectives, aims to preserve honor and lineage and exhibits great precision in detailing the crime of adultery. It also shows that the law is consistent with Islamic Sharia and serves the best interests of society.
References
ʿAbd Allah bin Aḥmad bin Qudāmah al-Maqdisī Abū Muḥammad, Al-Mughnī, Ṭabʿah al-Ūlā, Dār al-Fikr, Beirūt, 1405H.
ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd al-Shirwāni, Ḥawāsh al-Shirwānī, Dār al-Fikr, Beirūt, n.d.
ʿAbd Raḥmān Abī Bakr al-Sayūṭī, Al-Ashbāh wa al-Naẓā`ir, Ṭabʿah al-`Ūlā, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿAlamiyah, Beirūt, 1403H.
ʿAlī al-Ṣaʿīdī al-ʿAdawī al-Mālikī, Ḥāshiyah al-ʿAdawī, Taḥqīq: Yusuf al-Shaykh Muḥammad al-Bāqiʿī, Dār al-Fikr, Beirūt, 1412H.
Abī al-Fayyaḍ al-Sayyid Muḥammad Murtaḍā al-Zabīdī, Tāj al-ʿArus min Jawāhir al-Qāmus, Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, Beirūt, n.d.
Abī al-Ḥassan al-Malikī, Kifāyah al-Ṭālib, Tahqīq: Yūsuf al-Shaykh Muḥammad al-Biqāʿī, Dār al-Fikr, Beirūt, 1412H.
Abī al-Muẓafar Manṣūr bin Muḥammad bin ʿAbd al-Jabār al-Samʿānī, Qawāṭiʿ al-Adillah fī al-Uṣūl, Taḥqīq: Muḥammad Ḥassan Ismāʿīl al-Shāfiʿī, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿAlamiyah, Beirūt, 1418H/ 1997M.
Abī Bakr ʿAbd al-Razāq bin Homām al-Ṣanaʿānī, Muṣnaf ʿAbd al-Razāq, Taḥqīq: Ḥabīb al-Raḥmān al-Aʿẓamī, Al-Ṭabʿah al- Thāniyah, Al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1403H.
Abī Bakr Sayyid Muḥammad Shaṭṭā al-Dimyāṭī, Iʿānat al-Ṭālibīn, Dār al-Fikr lil Ṭabāʿah, Beirūt, n.d.
Abī Muḥammad ʿIzz al-Dīn al-Salamī, Qawāʿid al-Ahkām fī Masālih al-Anām, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿAlamiyah, Beirūt, n.d.
Abū al-Saʿādāt al-Mubārak bin Muḥammad al-Jazarī, Al-Nihāyah fī Gharīb al-Ḥadīth, Taḥqīq: Ṭāhir Aḥmad al-Zāwī wa Maḥmūd Muḥammad al-Ṭanāḥī, Maktabah al-ʿAlamiyyah, Beirūt, 1399H.
Aḥmad al-Hussayn bin ʿĀlī bin Musā Abū Bakr al-Bayhāqī, Sunan al-Bayhaqī al-Kubrā, Tahqīq: Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭā, Bab Man Zinā bi Imra’ah Mustakrahah, Maktabah Dār al-Bāz, Makkah al-Mukarramah, 1414H/ 1994M.
Aḥmad bin ʿAlī al-Rāzī al-Jaṣāṣ Abu Bakr, Aḥkām al-Qur’ān lil Jaṣāṣ, Taḥqīq: Muḥammad al-Ṣādiq Qamḥāwī, Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth, Beirūt, 1405H.
Al-Imām al-Nawawī, Al-Majmūʿ, Dār al-Fikr, Beirūt, 1997M.
Al-Shaykh al-Duktūr Ṣāliḥ bin Nāsr bin Ṣāliḥ al-Khazīm, ʿUqūbah al- Zinā wa al-Shurūṭ Tanfīẓuhā, Taḥqīq: Al-Duktur Khālid bin ʿAlī bin Muḥammad Al-Mushayqih, Al-Ṭabʿah al-`Ūlā, Dār Ibn Jawzī, Al-Riyāḍ, 1422H.
Al-Shaykh Muḥammad al-Sharbīnī al-Khaṭīb ʿalā matan al-Manhaj li Abī Zakariyā Yaḥyā bin Sharf al-Nawawī, Mughnī al-Muhtāj ilā Maʿrifah Alfāẓ al-Manhāj, Maktabah wa Maṭbaʿah Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Halabī wa Awlāduhu bi Miṣr, 1377-1958H.
Al-Shubhāt al-Masaqqaṭah lil Ḥudūd aw (Al-Ẓurūf al-Mukhaffafah wa al-Aʿdhār al-Masaqqaṭah lil ʿUqūbāt al-Martabah ʿalā Jarīmah al-Ḥudūd), Dirāsah Fiqhiyah Muqāranah ʿālā al-Madhāhib al-Saniyah, li ʿAqīlah Ḥussayn, Ṭabʿah al-`Ūlā, Dār Ibn Ḥazm, Beirūt, 1424H/ 2003M.
ʿAlī bin Aḥmad bin Saʿīd bin Jazam al-Ẓāhirī Abū Muḥammad, Marātib al-Ijmāʿ, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿAlamiyah, Beirūt, n.d.
ʿAlī al-Ṣaʿīdī al-ʿAdawī al-Mālikī, Ḥāshiyah al-ʿAdawī, Taḥqīq: Yusuf al-Shaykh Muḥammad al-Bāqiʿī, Dār al-Fikr, Beirūt, 1412H.
ʿĀlī bin Muḥammad al-Āmadī Abu al-Ḥassan, Al-Ahkām Lil Āmadī, Taḥqīq: Al-Duktūr Saʿīd al-Jamīlī, Al-Ṭabʿah al-`Ūlā, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿArabī, Beirūt, 1404H.
Asʿad bin Muḥammad bin al-Ḥussayn al-Naysābūrī al-Karābīsī, Al-Farūq, Taḥqīq: Al-Duktūr Muḥammad Ṭamūm, Ṭabʿāh al-`Ūlā, Wizārah al-Awqāf, Al-Kuwait, 1402H.
Al-Shaykh Muḥammad bin ʿAlī al-Shawkānī, Al-Sayl al-Jarār al-Mutadaffaq ʿalā Ḥadā`iq al-Azhār, Taḥqīq: Muḥammad Ṣubḥī bin Ḥassan Ḥallāq, Al-Ṭabʿah al-`Ūlā, Dār Ibn Kathīr, 1421H/ 2000M.
Fakhr al-Dīn ʿUthmān bin ʿAlī al-Zaylaʿī al-Ḥanafī, Tabyīīn al-Ḥaqā`iq, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmī, Al-Qāhirah, 1313H.
Ḥāfiẓ al-Mazī Abū al-Ḥajjāj Yusuf bin al-Zakī, Tahdhīb al-Kamāl, Taḥqīq: Bashār ʿIwād Hardaf, Al-Ṭabʿah al-`Ūlā, Mu`assasah al-Risālah, Beirūt, 1400H.
Ibn al-ʿArabī Abū Bakr Muḥammad bin ʿAbd Allah bin al-ʿArabī, Aḥkām al-Qur’ān, Taḥqīq: Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭā, Dār al-Fikr, lil Tabāʿah, Beirūt, n.d.
Ibrāhīm bin Muḥammad bin ʿAbd Allah bin Mufliḥ al-Hanbalī Abu Ishāq, Al-Mabdaʿ, Al-Maktab al-Islāmī, Beirūt, 1400H.
Ibrāhīm bin Musā al-Khamī al-Gharnāṭī al-Mālikī, Al-Muwāqif (wa Unẓur Sharḥ Muntahā al-Irādāt lil Bahūtī), Taḥqīq: ʿAbd Allah Drouz, Dār al-Maʿrifah, Beirūt, n.d.
Khayr al-Dīn al-Zarkalī, Al-Aʿlām Qāmus Tarājim li Ashhār al-Rijāl wa al-Nisā’ min al-ʿArab al-Mustaʿribīn wa al-Mustashriqīn, Ṭabʿah al-Sābiʿ, Dār al-ʿIlm lil Malāyīn, Beirūt, 1984M.
Manṣūr bin Yunus bin Idrīs al-Bahūtī, Al-Rawḍ al-Marbaʿ, Maktabah al-Riyāḍ al-Ḥadīthah, Al-Riyāḍ, 1390H.
Manṣūr bin Yunus bin Idrīs al-Bahūtī, Sharḥ Muntahā al-Irādāt, Ṭabʿah al-Thāniyah, ʿĀlam al-Kutub, Beirūt, 1996 M.
Muḥammad ʿArfah al-Dusuqī, Ḥāshiyah al-Dusuqī, Taḥqīq: Muḥammad ʿIlyās, Dār al- Fikr, Beirūt, 1299H.
Muḥammad bin ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Maghribī Abū ʿAbd Allah, Mawāhib al-Jalīl, Ṭabʿah al-Thāniyah, Dār al-Fikr, Beirūt, 1397H.
Muḥammad bin Abī al-Qāsim al-ʿAbdarī Abū ʿAbd Allah, Al-Tāj wa Al-Iklīl, Ṭabʿah al-Thāniyah, Dār al-Fikr, Beirūt, 1398H.
Muḥammad bin ʿAlī bin Muḥammad al-Shawkānī, Fatḥ al-Qadīr al-Jāmiʿ bayna finī al-Riwāyah wa al-Dirāyah min ʿIlm li Tafsīr, Ṭabʿah al-Thālithah, Ṭabʿah Dār al-Maʿrifah, Beirūt, 1417H/ 1997M.
Muḥammad bin Aḥmad bin Sahl al-Sarkhasī Abū Bakr, `Ūṣūl al-Sarkhasī, Dār al-Maʿrifah, Beirūt, n.d.
Muḥammad bin Bahard bin ʿAbd Allah al-Zarkashī Abū ʿAbd Allah, Al-Manthūr, Taḥqīq: Al-Duktūr Taysīr Fā`iq Aḥmad Maḥmūd, Al- Ṭabʿāh al-Thāniyah, Wizārah al-Awqāf, Al-Kuwait, 1405H.
Muḥammad bin Muḥammad bin Muḥammad al-Ghazālī Abu Ḥamid, Al-Wasīṭ,Taḥqiq: Aḥmad Maḥmūd Ibrāhīm wa Muḥammad Tāmar, Ṭabʿah al-Ūlā, Dār al-Salām, Al-Qāhirah, 1417H.
Muḥammad Mukarram bin Manẓūr al-Afriqī al-Miṣr, Lisān al-ʿArab, Ṭabʿah al-Ūlā, Dār Ṣādr, n.d.
Musā bin Aḥmad bin Salim al-Maqdisi al-Hanbalī Abū Najā, Zād al-Mustaqnaʿ, Taḥqīq: ʿAlī Aḥmad ʿAbd ʿAzīz Hindī, Maktabah al- Nahḍah al-Ḥadīthat, Makkah al-Mukarramah, n.d.
Qāḍī Abī al-Walīd Muḥammad bin Aḥmad bin Muḥammad Rashid al-Ḥafīdh, Bidāyah al-Mujtahid wa Nihāyah al-Muqtaṣid, Taḥqīq: Muḥammad Ṣubḥī Ḥassan Ḥalāq, Ṭabʿah al-Ūlā, Maktabah Ibn Taymiyah, Al-Qāhirah, 1415H.
ʿUmar Riḍā Kahālah, Muʿjam al-Mu`allafīn, Ṭabʿah al-`Ūlā, Mu`assasah al-Risālah, Beirūt, n.d.
Wahbah al-Zuhailī, Al-Fiqh al-Mālikī al-Maysir, Al-Ṭabʿah al-Ūlā, Dār al-Kalam al-Ṭayyib, Dimashq, 1420-2000H.
Zakariyā bin Muḥammad bin Aḥmad bin Zakariyā al-Anṣārī Abū Yaḥyā, Fatḥ al-Wahhāb, Ṭabʿah al-Ūlā, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿAlamiyah, Beirūt, 1418H.
