نظرية الأهلية عند الأصوليين وعلاقتها بالأمراض النفسية في علم النفس: دراسة تحليلية
The Theory of Legal Capacity According to Scholars of Uṣūl and Its Relationship with Mental Disorders in Psychology: An Analytical Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31436/jia.v21i2.1251Keywords:
الأهلية، عوارض الأهلية، التكليف الشرعي، الأمراض النفسية، أهلية المريض النفسيAbstract
الأهلية في علم أصول الفقه هي عبارةٌ عن مراحل التكامل الإنساني عقلاً وجسداً، ولها تداخل كبير في موضوع الأمراض النفسية، بحيث من الأمراض النفسية ما يغيب العقل والتمييز فيكون سبباً لرفع التكليف وانعدام الأهلية. ومنها ما يؤثر على العقل من وجهٍ فيختل في جانبٍ من جوانب تفكيره مثلاً، بينما تظل بقية الجوانب غير متأثرةٍ أو على الأقل لا يظهر عليها الاختلال. ومن هذا المنطلق، تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى معرفة نظرية الأهلية عند الأصوليين وبيان حقيقة الأمراض النفسية في علم النفس، وذلك من أجل تحليل العلاقة بينهما وكيفية توظيف نظرية الأهلية لمعرفة حكم تكليف المرضى النفسيين. اعتمادا على منهجي الاستقرائي والتحليلي، تظهر الدراسة العلاقة المترابطة بين نظرية الأهلية والأمراض النفسية. نظرا لاختلاف أنواع الأمراض، لا يجوز التعميم بأن جميع المرضى النفسيين غير مكلفين وغير محاسبين في كل أفعالهم، كما أنه لا يمكن الحكم عليهم بحكم مطلق لأن الأمراض تتفاوت وتختلف في درجة شدتها، فيحكم له بالتكليف حال تعقله وإدراكه، ويسقط عنه التكليف حال طروء العلة به، كما أنه قد تختلف أثر الأمراض على جوانب التكليف، فهذا يقتضي الرجوع إلى نظرية الأهلية في أصول الفقه. في حين أن التباين والاختلاف في المفاهيم الفقهية المتعلقة بالأمور التي تؤثر على عقلية الفرد وبالتالي أهليته، يستلزم مراجعتها مستندا إلى النتائج المعاصرة في علم النفس، حيث أن هناك بعض الاضطرابات المتشابهة والصالحة التي يمكن إدراجها في حالات الجنون، والعته، والإغماء
This study aims to explore the theory of legal capacity according to the scholars of Uṣūl al-Fiqh and to elucidate the reality of psychological disorders in psychology, in order to analyze the relationship between them and how to employ the theory of legal capacity to know the obligation of persons inflicted with the psychological disorders. Based on the inductive and analytical approaches, the study shows a relationship between the theory of capacity and psychological disorders. Given the different types of disorders, one should not generalize that all psychologically ill people are not mukallaf thus not held accountable for all their actions, nor can they be judged by an absolute ruling as the disorders vary and differ in their degree of severity. The person will be held accountable in his conscious and rational state, whilst he will not be considered responsible during certain seizures or episodes of a disorder. The effect of disorders on aspects of accountability may also differ, which necessitates referring to the theory of legal capacity in the principles of jurisprudence. Meanwhile, the variation and difference in jurisprudential concepts related to matters affecting individual's intellectual ability and thus determining his legal capacity, necessitates reviewing them based on contemporary findings in psychology, as there are some similar and suitable disorders that can be included under cases of insanity, imbecility, and fainting.
References
ʿAbbās, Anas ibn ʿAuf. Al-Aḥkām al-Fiqhiyyah lil-Amrāḍ al-Nafsiyyah wa Ṭuruq ʿIlājihā: Dirāsah Muqāranah. Qaṭar: Wizārah al-Awqāf wa al-Shu’ūn al-Islāmiyyah, 1437H/2016M.
ʿAbd al-Sattār Ibrāhīm, ʿAbdullāh ʿAskar. ʿIlm al-Nafs al-Iklinīkī fī Maydān al-Ṭibb al-Nafs. Al-Qāhirah: Maktabah al-Anglū al-Miṣriyyah, 4th ed., 2008.
Abū al-Ḥārith al-Ghazzī, Muḥammad Sidqī ibn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad Āli Burnu. Mawsūʿah al-Qawāʿid al-Fiqhiyyah. Bayrūt-Lubnān: Muassasah al-Risālah, 1st ed., 1424H/2003M.
Abū Dāwud, Sulaymān ibn al-Ashʿath ibn Isḥāq ibn Bashīr ibn Shaddād ibn ʿAmrū al-Azdī al-Sijastānī. Sunan Abī Dāwud, edited by Muḥammad Muḥyiddīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. Ṣaidan-Bayrūt: Al-Maktabah al-ʿAṣriyyah, n.d.
Al-Āmidī, Abū al-Ḥasan Sayyid al-Dīn ʿAlī ibn Abī ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad ibn Sālim al-Thaʿlabī. Al-Iḥkām fī Uṣūl al-Aḥkām, edited by ʿAbd al-Razzāq ʿAfīfī. Bayrūt-Dimashq-Lubnān: Al-Maktab al-Islāmī, n.d.
Al-ʿĀsimī, Riyāḍ Nayl. ʿIlm al-Amrāḍ al-Nafsiyyah. ʿAmmān-al-Urdun: Dār al-Iʿṣār al-ʿIlmī lil-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, 1st ed., 1437H/2016M.
Al-Bāriʿī, ʿUthmān ibn ʿAlī ibn Muḥjan. Tabyīn al-Ḥaqā’iq Sharḥ Kanz al-Daqā’iq wa Ḥāshiah al-Shilabiy. Al-Qāhirah: Al-Maṭbaʿah al-Kubrā al-Amīriah bi-Wilāq, 1st ed., 1313H.
Al-Basyūnī, Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. Al-Aḥkām al-Mutaʿalliqah bil-Muʿāq dzihniyyan Bayna al-Fiqh al-Islāmiy wa al-Qānūn al-Waḍʿī. Al-Iskandariyyah: Dār al-Jāmiʿah al-Jadīdah, 2008.
Al-Bazdawī, ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad al-Ḥanafī. Uṣūl al-Bazdawī- Kanz al-Wuṣūl ilā Maʿrifat al-Uṣūl. Karachi: Maṭbaʿah Jawid Press, n.d.
Al-Bukhārī, ʿAlā’ al-Dīn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad. Kashf al-Asrār Sharḥ Uṣūl al-Bazdawī. N.p.: Dār al-Kitāb al-Islāmī, n.d.
Al-Fārābī, Abū Naṣr Ismāʿīl ibn Ḥammād al-Jawharī. Al-Ṣiḥāḥ Tāj al-Lughah wa Ṣiḥāḥ al-ʿArabiyyah, edited by Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Ghaffūr ʿAṭṭār. Bayrūt: Dār al-ʿIlm lil-Malāyīn, 4th ed., 1407H/1987M.
Al-Fīrūzābādī, Abū al-Ṭāhir Majd al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb. Al-Qāmūs al-Muḥīṭ. Bayrūt: Muassasah al-Risālah lil-Ṭibāʿah wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, 1462H/2005M.
Al-Ghazzalī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. Al-Mustaṣfā, edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Salām ʿAbd al-Shāfī. N.p.: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1st ed., 1413H/1993M.
Al-Jamʿiyyah al-Amarīkiyyah lil-Ṭibb al-Nafs. Al-Dalīl al-Tashkhīṣī wa al-Iḥṣā’ī lil-Iḍṭirābāt al-Nafsiyyah al-Murājaʿah al-Khāmisah (DSM-5), translated to Arabic by Anwār al-Ḥammādī. Washington: prepared and distributed by Jihād Muḥammad Ḥamd, 2003.
Al-Jubūrī, Ḥusayn Khalaf. ʿAwāriḍ al-Ahliyyah ʿinda ʿUlamā’ Uṣūl al-Fiqh. Makkah al-Mukarramah: Al-Maʿhad al-Buhūth al-ʿIlmiyyah wa Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-Islāmiy, 2nd ed., 1428H/2007M.
Al-Jurjānī, ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Zayn al-Sharīf. Kitāb al-Taʿrīfāt. Bayrūt-Lubnān: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1st ed., 1403H/1983M.
Al-Lajnah al-Dā’imah lil-Buḥūth al-ʿIlmiyyah wa al-Iftā’. Fatāwā al-Lajnah al-Dā’imah- al-Majmūʿah al-Thāniyah. Collected and arranged by Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Duwaish. Al-Riyāḍ: Ri’āsah Idārah al-Buḥūth al-ʿIlmiyyah wa al-Iftā’- al-Idārah al-ʿĀmmah lil-Ṭibaʿ, 1431H.
Al-Namlah, ʿAbd al-Karīm ibn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad. Al-Jāmiʿ li-Masā’il Uṣūl al-Fiqh wa Taṭbīqātuhā ʿalā al-Madzhab al-Rājiḥ. Al-Riyāḍ-al-Mamlakah al-ʿArabiyyah al-Suʿūdiyyah: Maktabah al-Rushd, 1st ed., 1420H/2000M.
Al-Nūrī, Ḥusayn. Dirāsah fī ʿAwāriḍ al-Ahliyyah fī al-Sharīʿah al-Islāmiyyah maʿa al-Muqāranah bil-Sharāiʿ al-Waḍʿiyyah. Kaherah: Maṭbaʿah Lajnah al-Bayān al-ʿArabiy, 1st ed., 1953M.
Al-Rāzī, Zayn al-Dīn Abū ʿAbdullāh Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr ibn ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Ḥanafī. Mukhtār al-Ṣiḥāḥ, edited by Yūsuf al-Shaykh Muḥammad. Bayrūt-Ṣaydan: al-Maktabah al-ʿAṣriyyah- al-Dār al-Namūdzajiyyah, 5th ed., 1420H/1999M.
Al-Sanadī, Abū al-Ḥasan. Fatḥ al-Wadūd fī Sharḥ Sunan Abī Dāwud, edited by Muḥammad Zakiy al-Khūliy. Al-Madīnah al-Munawwarah- Al-Mamlakah al-ʿArabiyyah al-Ṣuʿūdiyyah: Maktabah Aḍwā’ al-Manār, 1st ed., 1431H/2010M.
Al-Sarakhsī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Abī Sahl Abū Bakr. Uṣūl Al-Sarakhsī. Bayrūt: Dār al-Maʿrifah, n.d.
Al-Shawkānī, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdullāh al-Yamanī. Irshād al-Fuḥūl Ilā Taḥqīq al-Ḥaq min ʿIlm al-Uṣūl, edited by Aḥmad ʿAzw ʿInāyah. Dimashq-Kafr Baṭnā: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿArabiy, 1st ed., 1419H/1999M.
Al-Shaybānī, Abū ʿAbdullāh Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥanbal ibn Hilāl ibn Asad. (). Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, edited by Shuʿaīb al-Arna’ūṭ, ʿĀdil Murshid and others. N.p.: Muassasah al-Risālah, 1421H/2001M.
Al-Ṭabarīm Abū Jaʿafar, Muḥammad ibn Jarīr ibn Yazīd ibn Kathīr ibn Ghālib al-Āmalī. Tafsīr al-Ṭabarī= Jāmiʿ al-Bayān ʿan Ta’wīl Āyi al-Qur’ān, edited by ʿAbdullāḥ ibn ʿAbd al-Muḥsin al-Turkiy with cooperation of Markaz al-Buḥūth wa al-Dirāsāt al-Islāmiyyah bi-Ḍār Hijr ʿAbd al-Sanad Ḥasan Yamāmah. N.p.: Ḍār Hijr lil-Ṭibāʿah wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ wa al-Iʿlān, 1st ed., 1422H/2001M.
Al-Taftāzānī, Saʿad al-Dīn Masʻūd ibn ʿUmar. Sharḥ al-Talwīḥ ʿalā al-Tawḍīḥ li-Matn al-Tanqīḥ fī Uṣūl al-Fiqh. Kaherah: Maktabah Ṣubaīḥ bi-Miṣr, n.d.
Al-Zarqā, Muṣṭafā Aḥmad. Al-Madkhal al-Fiqhī al-ʿĀm. Jeddah: Dār al-Bashīr, 2nd ed., 1425H/2004M.
Al-Zuḥaylī, Muḥammad Muṣṭafā. Al-Wajīz fī Uṣūl al-Fiqh al-Islāmī. Dimashq-Sūriyā: Dār al-Khayr lil-Ṭibāʿah wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, 2nd ed., 1426H/2006M.
Al-Zuḥaylī, Muḥammad. Al-Naẓariyyāt al-Fiqhiyyah. Dimashq: Dār al-Qalam, 1st ed., 1411H/1993M.
Al-Zuḥaylī, Wahbah ibn Muṣṭafā. Al-Fiqh al-Islāmiy wa Adillatuhu (al-shāmil lil-adillat al-sharʿiyyah wa al-ārā’ al-madzhabiyyah wa ahammu al-naẓariyyāt al-fiqhiyyah wa taḥqīq al-aḥādīth al-nabawiyyah wa takhrījuhā). Sūriyyah-Dimashq: Dār al-Fikr, 4th ed., n.d.
Al-Zuḥaylī, Wahbah. Uṣūl al-Fiqh al-Islāmī. Dimashq: Dār al-Fikr lil-Ṭibāʿah wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, 1st ed., 1406H/1986M.
ʿAwdah, ʿAbd al-Qādir. Al-Tashrīʿ al-Jinā’ī al-Islāmiy. Al-Qāhirah-Miṣr: Maktabah Dār al-Turāth, new improvised edition, 1426H/2005M.
Barlow D. H., Durand V. M., & Hofman S. G. Abnormal psychology: An integrative approach. Singapore: Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd., 8th ed., 2018.
Daniel Freeman & Philippa A. Garety. “Connecting Neurosis and Psychosis: the Direct Influence of Emotion on Delusions and Hallucinations”. Behaviour Research and Therapy, no.41 (2003): 923–947.
Fernando Tenório. “Psychosis and Schizophrenia: Effects of Changes in Psychiatric Classifications on Clinical and Theoretical Approaches to Mental Illness”. Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos, vol.23, no.4 (2016 Oct-Dec): 1-23. English, Portuguese. doi: 10.1590/S0104-59702016005000018.
Ḥabshā, Īmān Ḥamzah al-Sayyid. “Athar al-Tawahhud ʿalā al-Aḥkām al-Taklīfiyyah fī al-Sharīʿah al-Islāmiyyah”. Majallah Kulliyyah al-Dirāsāt al-Islāmiyyah wa al-ʿArabiyyah lil-Banāt bi-Damanhur, vol.1, no.1 (2019): 1106-1146.
Hilāl, Hudā Muḥammad Ḥassan. Naẓariyyat al-Ahliyyah Dirāsah Taḥlīliyyah Muqāranah Bayna al-Fiqh wa ʿIlm al-Nafs. Al-Wilāyāt al-Muttahidah al-Amrīkiyyah: Al-Maʿhad al-ʿĀlamī lil-Fikr al-Islāmiy, 1st ed., 1432H/2011M.
Hussein M. Magdi. Symptomatology Signs and Symptoms of Psychiatric Disorders. Egypt: Beni-Suef University, Faculty of Nursing, Psychiatric/Mental Health Nursing Department, 2019.
Ibn al-Muwqit al-Ḥanafī, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Amīr al-Ḥājj. Al-Taqrīr wa al-Taḥbīr ʿalā Taḥrīr al-Kamāl Ibn al-Hammām. N.p.: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 2nd ed., 1403H/1983M.
Ibn Bāz, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn ʿAbdullāh. Fatāwā Nūr ʿalā al-Darb. Collected by Muḥammad ibn Saʿd al-Shuwayʿir, 1433H.
Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad ibn Mukarram ibn ʿAlī. Lisān al-ʿArab. Bayrūt: Dār Ṣādir, 3rd ed., 1414H.
Ibn Najjār al-Ḥanbalī, Taqiy al-Dīn Abū al-Baqā’ Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. Sharḥ al-Kawkab al-Munīr=al-Mukhtabar al-Mubtakar Sharḥ al-Mukhtaṣar, edited by Muḥammad al-Zuḥaylī, Nazīh Ḥammād. N.p.: Maktabah al-ʿUbaikān, 2nd ed., 1418H/1997M.
Ibrāhīm Muṣṭafā, Aḥmad al-Zayyāt, Ḥāmid ʿAbd al-Qādir, Muḥammad al-Najjār. Muʿjam al-Wasīṭ. N.p.: Dār al-Daʿwah, n.d.
Ibrāhīm, Akram Nashāt. ʿIlm al-Nafs al-Jinā’ī. ʿAmmān: Maktabah Dār al-Thaqāfah lil-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, 2nd ed., 1998.
Kanʿān, Aḥmad Muḥammad. Al-Mawsūʿah al-Ṭibbiyyah al-Fiqhiyyah (Mawsūʿah Jāmiʿah lil-Aḥkām al-Fiqhiyyah fī al-Ṣiḥḥah wa al-Maraḍ wa al-Aḥkām al-Ṭibbiyyah). Bayrūt: Dār al-Nafā’is lil-Ṭibāʿah wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, 1st ed., 1420H/2000M.
Lāfī, Jamāl ʿAbdullāh. Dissertation submitted to obtain certificate of master’s degree in Shariah and Law. Palestine: University of Gaza, Faculty of Shariah and Law at Islamic, 2009.
Munazzamah al-Ṣiḥḥah al-ʿĀlamiyyah. Al-Murājaʿah al-ʿĀshirah lil-Taṣnīf al-Duwalī lil-Amrāḍ- taṣnīf al-iḍṭirābāt al-nafsiyyah wa al-sulūkiyyah. Al-Maktab Al-Iqlīmī li Sharq al-Mutawassiṭ. (The translation was prepared by the Psychiatry Association at the Faculty of Medicine at Ain Shams University, under the supervision of Ahmad Akashah)
Nukhbah min asātidzah al-jāmiʿah. Al-Murshid fī al-Ṭibb al-Nafsī. Bayrūt: Munaẓẓamat al-Ṣiḥḥah al-ʿĀlamīyah - al-Maktab al-Iqlīmī li-Sharq al-Mutawassiṭ, 1999.
Rose M. Spielman, Kathryn Dumper, William Jenkins, Arlene Lacombe, Marilyn Lovett, & Marion Perlmutter. “Psychological Disorders”. In Psychology. Houston, Texas: OpenStax College, January 2014.
Rotter, Julian. ʿIlm al-Nafs al-Iklinīkī. Tarjamah: ʿAṭiyyah Maḥmūd Hanā. Bayrūt: Dār al-Shurūq, 2nd ed., 1404H/1948M.
Thomas A. Ban. “Evolution of Diagnostic Criteria in Psychoses”. Dialogues Clin Neurosci, vol.3, no.4 (2001): 260-262. Doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2001.3.4/abthomas
