Diarylheptanoids of Alpinia Species (Zingiberaceae): A Review of Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Potential
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: Diarylheptanoids, a distinctive class of secondary metabolites characterized by a 1,7-diphenylheptane backbone, are widely distributed in Alpinia species (Zingiberaceae) and have attracted considerable scientific interest due to their diverse structural variations and promising bioactivities. Methods: This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on diarylheptanoids isolated from Alpinia, focusing on their phytochemical diversity, structural classifications, and biosynthetic considerations. Results: To date, numerous diarylheptanoids, including linear, cyclic, and rearranged derivatives, have been identified, reflecting the remarkable chemodiversity of this genus. Pharmacological studies reveal that these compounds exhibit a wide spectrum of biological activities, notably anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and neuroprotective properties, supporting their therapeutic potential. Special emphasis is placed on structure–activity relationships, which provide insights into the molecular features governing their bioactivity. Conclusion: The review highlights research gaps, such as limited mechanistic studies and in vivo validations, and suggests future directions for drug discovery and development from Alpinia-derived diarylheptanoids. By integrating phytochemical and pharmacological perspectives, this work provides a comprehensive resource for researchers exploring natural product-based therapeutics.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Journal of Pharmacy at https://journals.iium.edu.my/ktn/index.php/jp is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Ahmad, I., Hasan, M., Bhowmik, D.R., Begum, R., Roy, S., Islam, M.M., Ripon, M.A.R., & Hossain, M.S. (2025). Modulation of adiposity and adipocyte inflammation by methanol extracts of Alpinia calcarata leaf in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice: Involvement of COX-2 and PPAR-?. Heliyon, 11(2), e41949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e41949 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e41949
Akram, S., Ghani, N.I.A., Khamis, S., & Zulkifly, S. (2021). Newly designed CHS genic primers for four Zingiberaceae species (Alpinia mutica, Alpinia rafflesiana, Hornstedtia leornurus and Scaphochlamys kunstleri). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 948. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/948/1/012016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/948/1/012016
Alberti, A., Riethmüller, E., & Béni, S. (2018). Characterization of diarylheptanoids: An emerging class of bioactive natural products. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 147, 13-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2017.08.051 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2017.08.051
Amagai, Y., Katsuta, C., Nomura, Y., Oida, K., Matsuda, K., Jang, H., Ahn, G., Hamasaki, T., Matsuda, H., & Tanaka, A. (2017). Amelioration of atopic-like skin conditions in NC/Tnd mice by topical application with distilled Alpinia intermedia Gagnep extracts. Journal of Dermatology, 44(1), 1238-1247. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.13995 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.13995
An, W., Zhang, Y., Lai, H., Zhang, Y., Zhang, H., Zhao, G., Liu, M., Li, Y., Lin, X., & Cao, S. (2022). Alpinia katsumadai Hayata induces growth inhibition and autophagy-related apoptosis by regulating the AMPK and Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signalling pathways in cancer cells. Oncology Reports, 48(2), 142. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2022.8353 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2022.8353
Benedict, J.C., Smith, S.Y., Specht, C.D., Collinson, M.E., Leong-Škorni?ková, J., Parkinson, D.Y., & Marone, F. (2016). Species diversity driven by morphological and ecological disparity: A case study of comparative seed morphology and anatomy across a large monocot order. Plants, 8, 63. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plw063 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plw063
Bhattacharya, M. (2014). Micropropagation, diversity study and detection of antioxidants in some medicinal Zingibers. Doctoral dissertation, University of North Bengal.
Caasi, J.M.N., Baldoza, R.I.D.G., Bauzon, M.S.C., Odtohan, M.A.F., Santiago, L.A., & Bautista, M.R.S. (2023). In silico prediction of selected bioactive compounds present in Alpinia elegans (C. Presl) K. Schum oil as potential drug candidates against human cancer cell lines. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 24(8), 2601-2614. https://doi.org/10.31557/APJCP.2023.24.8.2601 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31557/APJCP.2023.24.8.2601
Chan, E.W.C., & Wong, S.K. (2015). Phytochemistry and pharmacology of ornamental gingers, Hedychium coronarium and Alpinia purpurata: A review. Journal of Integrative Medicine, 13(6), 368-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-4964(15)60208-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-4964(15)60208-4
Chen, H., Su, X., Xiang, P., Wei, Y., Wang, H., Li, J., Liu, S., Mei, W., Dai, S., & Dai, H. (2024). Identification of chemical constituents from leaves and stems of Alpinia oxyphylla: Potential antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory properties. Antioxidants, 13(12), 1538. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121538 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121538
Cheng, X.L., Li, H.X., Chen, J., Wu, P., Xue, J.H., Zhou, Z.Y., Xia, N.H., & Wei, X.Y. (2021). Bioactive diarylheptanoids from Alpinia coriandriodora. Natural Products and Bioprospecting, 11(1), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13659-020-00264-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13659-020-00264-y
Cho, Y.B., Kim, G.K., Han, J.S., An, B.K., Lee, M.K., & Hwang, B.Y. (2024). LC-HRMS/MS-guided isolation of unusual diarylheptanoids from the rhizomes of Alpinia officinarum. ACS Omega, 9, 46484-46491. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c07987 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c07987
Criley, R.A. (2014). Alpinia to Zingiber–zingiberales in commercial floriculture. XXIX International Horticultural Congress on Horticulture: Sustaining Lives, Livelihoods and Landscapes, 1104, 435-454. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2015.1104.64 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2015.1104.64
Dai, D.N., Huong, L.T., Hung, N.H., Hoang, V.C., & Ajani, O.I. (2020). Antimicrobial activity and chemical constituents of essential oil from the leaves of Alpinia globosa and Alpinia tonkinensis. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 23(2), 322-330. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2020.1752816 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2020.1752816
Das, B.R., Bhuyan, M.J., Deka, N., & Bhattacharya, P. (2024). Unveiling the richness and socio-cultural importance of homestead agroforestry in Sivasagar district of Assam, India. Small-scale Forestry, 23, 613-643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-024-09580-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-024-09580-4
Dash, S., Achary, K.G., & Shikha, S. (2023). Evaluation of immunomodulatory activity of phytochemicals from Alpinia galanga and Alpinia nigra for potent immunostimulatory agent in chemotherapy. Research Journal of Biotechnology, 18(11), 49-57. https://doi.org/10.25303/1811rjbt049057 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25303/1811rjbt049057
Deng, D., Zhang, R., Wu, J., Wang, L., Zhang, Q., Zhang, J., Tan, Y., Chen, K., & Li, Y. (2025). A kidney protection nanoparticle based on Alpinia oxyphylla fructus polysaccharide by modulating macrophage polarization. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.139367 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.139367
Fu, G., Zhang, W., Du, D., Ng, Y.P., Ip, F.C.F., Tong, R., & Ip, N.Y. (2017). Diarylheptanoids from rhizomes of Alpinia officinarum inhibit aggregation of ?-synuclein. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 65(31), 6608-6614. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02021
Ganapathy, G., Preethi, R., Moses, J.A., & Anandharamakrishnan, C. (2019). Diarylheptanoids as nutraceutical: A review. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 19, 101109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101109 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101109
Hanh, N.P., Binh, N.Q., & Adhikari, B.S. (2014). Distribution of Alpinia (Zingiberaceae) and their use pattern in Vietnam. Journal of Biodiversity & Endangered Species, 2(2), 2332-2543. https://doi.org/10.4172/2332-2543.1000121 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/2332-2543.1000121
He, X.F., Chen, J.J., Li, T.Z., Hu, J., Zhang, X.M., Guo, Y.Q., & Geng, C.A. (2021). Diarylheptanoid-chalcone hybrids with PTP1B and ?-glucosidase dual inhibition from Alpinia katsumadai. Bioorganic Chemistry, 108, 104683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104683 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104683
Humaidi, S.N.I.C., Shalan, N.S.N., Taib, M.N.A.M., Shammary, A.A.K.A., Anuar, N., Awang, K., & Hanafiah, K.M. (2020). Antimicrobial and drug-synergistic of Alpinia conchigera Griff. derived phenylpropanoids against Mycobacterium smegmatis. Malaysian Journal of Microbiology, 16(6), 511-518. https://doi.org/10.21161/mjm.200794 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21161/mjm.200794
Hung, N.D., Huong, L.T., Dai, D.N., & Hoi, T.M. (2018). Chemical composition of essential oils of Alpinia strobiliformis and Alpinia blepharocalyx K. Schum. from Vietnam. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 21(6), 1585-1593. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2019.1567396 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2019.1567396
Huo, C., Han, F., Xiao, Y., Kim, H.J., & Lee, I.S. (2022). Microbial transformation of Yakuchinone A and cytotoxicity evaluation of its metabolites. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(7), 3992. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073992 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073992
Huong, L.T., Dai, D.N., Chung, M.V., Dung, D.M., & Ogunwande, I.A. (2017). Constituents of essential oils from the leaf, stem, root, fruit, and flower of Alpinia macroura K. Schum. Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas, 16(1), 26-33.
Indrayan, A.K., Kumar, N., Tyagi, D.K., & Gaur, A. (2012). Nutritive value of rhizome of the ginger resembling Alpinia allughas Rosc. and characteristics of various extracted materials from the rhizome. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 89, 557-561.
Jahng, Y., & Park, J.G. (2018). Recent studies on cyclic 1,7-diarylheptanoids: Their isolation, structures, biological activities, and chemical synthesis. Molecules, 23(12), 3107. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123107 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123107
Ji, K.L., Wu, M.Z., Huang, C.Y., Gongpan, P.C., Sun, P., Sun, Y.L., Li, J., Xiao, C.F., Xu, Y.K., Fan, Q.F., Hu, H.B., & Song, Q.S. (2022). Alpinia hainanensis rhizome extract ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis: Active ingredients investigation and evaluation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 70(13), 3989-3999. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.1c08038 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.1c08038
Jitsaeng, K., Eknamkul, W.D., & Schneider, B. (2009). Flavonoids and a new calamine-type sesquiterpene from rhizomes of Alpinia oxymitra K. Schum. (Zingiberaceae). Records of Natural Products, 3(2), 110-113.
Joshi, S., Prakash, O., Pant, A.K., & Mathela, C.S. (2010). Chemical composition, and antioxidant of Alpinia nutans Rosc. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 22(1), 85-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2010.9700270 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2010.9700270
Kawatra, A., Gupta, S., Dhankhar, R., Singh, P., & Gulati, P. (2023). Application of phytochemicals in therapeutic, food, flavor, and cosmetic industries. In Phytochemical Genomics: Plant Metabolomics and Medicinal Plant Genomics, 85-180. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5779-6_4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5779-6_4
Kress, W.J., Liu, A.Z., Newman, M.Z., & Li, Q.J. (2005). The molecular phylogeny of Alpinia (Zingiberaceae): A complex and polyphyletic genus of gingers. American Journal of Botany, 92, 167-178. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.92.1.167 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.92.1.167
Kumar, K.J.S., Vani, M.G., Wu, P.C., Lee, H.J., Tseng, Y.H., & Wang, S.Y. (2020). Essential oils of Alpinia nantoensis retard forskolin-induced melanogenesis via ERK1/2-mediated proteasomal degradation of MITF. Plants, 9(12), 1672. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9121672 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9121672
Lee, J.S., Kim, J.H., Han, Y.K., Ma, J.Y., Kim, Y.H., Li, W., & Yang, S.Y. (2018). Cholinesterases inhibition studies of biologically active compounds from the rhizomes of Alpinia officinarum hance and in silico molecular dynamics. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 120, 2442–2447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.014
Li, T., Pan, D.B., Pang, Q.Q., Zhou, M., Yao, X.J., Yao, X.S., Li, H.B., & Yu, Y. (2021). Diarylheptanoid analogues from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale and their anti-tumour activity. RSC Advances, 11(47), 29376-29384. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1RA03592D DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D1RA03592D
Li, Y.H., Chen, F., Li, H.L., Tan, Y.F., & Zhang, J.Q. (2015). Nine representative phytochemicals occurring in leaves and rhizomes of Alpinia oxyphylla different to those of fruits determined using LC-MS/MS. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 27(5), 1837-1842. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2015.18017
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D.G. (2009). PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 151, 264-269. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135
Mu, L., Wang, J., Zhou, T., Qiao, W., Hu, W., Zhang, R., & Chen, X. (2024). Diarylheptanoids with neuroprotective effects from Alpinia officinarum rhizomes. Fitoterapia, 175, 105980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105980 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105980
Muchtaridi, M., Ida, M., Anas, S., Ikhsan, R., Hokcu, S., & Nasrudin, M.E. (2014). Chemical composition and locomotor activity of essential oils from rhizome, stem, and leaf of Alpinia malaccencis (Burm f.) of Indonesian spices. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 4(1), 52-56. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2014.40108 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2014.40108
Musdalipah, M., Yodha, A.W.M., Setiawan, M.A., Tee, S.A., Reymon, R., Wulaisfan, R., Arnas, M., Siregar, L.W., Nurhikmah, E., & Fauziah, Y. (2023). Standardization of wundu watu rhizome (Alpinia monopluera) and its in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. Jurnal Mandala Pharmacon Indonesia, 9(2), 501-513. https://doi.org/10.35311/jmpi.v9i2.414 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35311/jmpi.v9i2.414
Nam, J.W., & Lee, Y.S. (2017). Heat shock protein-inducing property of diarylheptanoid containing chalcone moiety from Alpinia katsumadai. Molecules, 22(10), 1750. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22101750 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22101750
Nguyen, B.V., Thong, N.Q., Prabodh, S., Hoan, L.C., Vi, L.D.T., Thuong, V.T., Hung, N.H., Diep, D.Q., & Setzer, W.N. (2025). Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of the essential oil of Alpinia breviligulata (Gagnep.) Gagnep. against two species of Aedes mosquitoes. Natural Product Communications, 20(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X2513278 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X251327827
Park, C.L., Kim, J.H., Jeon, J.S., Lee, J.H., Zhang, K., Guo, S., Lee, D.H., Gao, E.M., Son, R.H., Kim, Y.M., Park, G.H., & Kim, C.Y. (2022). Protective effect of Alpinia oxyphylla fruit against tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced toxicity in HepG2 cells via Nrf2 activation and free radical scavenging and its active molecules. Antioxidants, 11, 1032. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11051032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11051032
Peng, W., Li, P., Ling, R., Wang, Z., Feng, X., Liu, J., Yang, Q., & Yan, J. (2022). Diversity of volatile compounds in ten varieties of Zingiberaceae. Molecules, 27(2), 565. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020565 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020565
Phang, C.W., Malek, S.N.A., & Ibrahim, H. (2013). Antioxidant potential, cytotoxic activity and total phenolic content of Alpinia pahangensis rhizomes. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 13, 243. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-243 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-243
Pulipaka, S., Suttee, A., Kumar, R., & Sriram, P. (2020). A review on phytopharmacological activities of Alpinia mutica and Tradescantia spathacea. Plant Archives, 20(2), 9011-9018.
Sharifi-Rad, J., Rayess, Y.E., Rizk, A.A., Sadaka, C., Zgheib, R., Zam, W., Sestito, S., Rapposelli, S., Neffe-Skoci?ska, K., Zieli?ska, D., Salehi, B., Setzer, W.N., Dosoky, N.S., Taheri, Y., El Beyrouthy, M., Martorell, M., Ostrander, E.A., Suleria, H.A.R., Cho, W.C., Maroyi, A., & Martins, N. (2020). Turmeric and its major compound curcumin on health: Bioactive effects and safety profiles for food, pharmaceutical, biotechnological and medicinal applications. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11, 01021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.01021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.01021
Sheng, W., Lie, X., Chen, X., & Kuang, Q. (2024). Structural characterisation of chloroplast genome in Alpinia japonica (Thunb.) Miq., a medicinal plant of genus Alpinia. Phyton: International Journal of Experimental Botany, 93(8), 1897-1911. https://doi.org/10.32604/phyton.2024.052395 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32604/phyton.2024.052395
Sudarshan, K., Yarlagadda, S., & Sengupta, S. (2024). Recent advances in the synthesis of diarylheptanoids. Chemistry: An Asian Journal, 19(15), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.202400380 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.202400380
Sun, Y., Kurokawa, M., Miura, M., Kakegawa, T., Motohashi, S., & Yasukawa, K. (2016). Bioactivity and synthesis of diarylheptanoids from Alpinia officinarum. Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, 49, 157-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63601-0.00004-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63601-0.00004-1
Sy, L.K., & Brown, G.D. (1997). Labdane diterpenoids from Alpinia chinensis. Journal of Natural Products, 60(9), 904-908. https://doi.org/10.1021/np970243d DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/np970243d
Tang, G., Dong, X., Huang, X., Huang, X.J., Liu, H., Wang, Y., & Shi, L. (2015). A natural diarylheptanoid promotes neuronal differentiation via activating ERK and PI3K-Akt dependent pathways. Neuroscience, 303, 389-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.019
Uehara, S., Yasuda, I., Akiyama, K., Morita, H., Takeya, K., & Itokawa, H. (1987). Diarylheptanoids from the rhizomes of Curcuma xanthorrhiza and Alpinia officinarum. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 35(8), 3298-3304. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.35.3298 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.35.3298
Van, H.T., Tang, T.D., Luu, T.N., & Doan, V.D. (2021). An overview of the chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils from Alpinia genus (Zingiberaceae). RSC Advances, 60(11), 37767-37783. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1RA07370B DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D1RA07370B
Wang, X.B., Yang, C.S., Luo, J.G., Zhang, C., Luo, J., Yang, M.H., & Kong, L.Y. (2017). Experimental and theoretical calculation studies on the structure elucidation and absolute configuration of calyxins from Alpinia katsumadai. Fitoterapia, 119, 121-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2017.04.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2017.04.014
Wei, N., Zhou, Z., Wei, Q., Wang, Y., Jiang, J., Zhang, J., & Li, Y. (2016). A novel diarylheptanoid-bearing sesquiterpene moiety from the rhizomes of Alpinia officinarum. Natural Product Research, 30(20), 2344-2349. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2016.1185716 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2016.1185716
Wu, Y., Zhang, W.J., Huang, D.Y., Wang, Y., Wei, J.Y., Li, Z.H., Sun, J.S., Bai, J.F., Tian, Z.F., Wang, P.J., & Du, S.S. (2015). Chemical compositions and insecticidal activities of Alpinia kwangsiensis essential oil against Lasioderma serricorne. Molecules, 20(12), 21939-21945. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules201219818 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules201219818
Xiao, T., Huang, J., Wang, X., Wu, L., Zhou, X., Jiang, F., He, Z., Guo, Q., Tao, L., & Shen, X. (2020). Alpinia zerumbet and its potential use as an herbal medication for atherosclerosis: Mechanistic insights from cell and rodent studies. Lifestyle Genomics, 13(5), 138-145. https://doi.org/10.1159/000508818 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000508818
Yoo, G., Park, J.H., & Kim, S.H. (2021). Neuraminidase inhibitory diarylheptanoids from Alpinia officinarum: In vitro and molecular docking studies. Bioorganic Chemistry, 107, 104526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104526 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104526
Youn, I., Han, A.R., Piao, D., Lee, H., Kwak, H., Lee, Y., Nam, J.W., & Seo, E.K. (2024). Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of the genus Alpinia from 2016 to 2023. Natural Product Reports, 41, 1346-1367. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4np00004h DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D4NP00004H
Zhang, J., Wider, B., Shang, H., Li, X., & Ernst, E. (2012). The genus Alpinia: A review of its phytochemistry and pharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 140(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.12.027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.12.027
Zhang, J.Q., Wang, Y., Li, H.L., Wen, Q., Yin, H., Zeng, N.K., Lai, W.Y., Cheng, S.Q., Kang, S.L., Chen, F., & Li, Y.B. (2015). Simultaneous quantification of seventeen bioactive components in rhizome and aerial parts of Alpinia officinarum Hance using LC-MS/MS. Analytical Methods, 7, 4919-4926. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5AY00647C DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C5AY00647C
Zhang, Q., Zheng, Y., Hu, X., Hu, X., Lv, W., Lv, D., Chen, J., Wu, M., Song, Q., & Shentu, J. (2018). Ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemistry, biological activities, and therapeutic applications of Alpinia oxyphylla Miquel: A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 224, 149-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.05.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.05.002
Zhang, W.J., Luo, J.G., & Kong, L.Y. (2016). The genus Alpinia: A review of its phytochemistry and pharmacology. World Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2(1), 26-41. https://doi.org/10.15806/j.issn.2311-8571.2015.0026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15806/j.issn.2311-8571.2015.0026
Zhang, Y., Yu, Y.Y., Peng, F., Duan, W.T., Wu, C.H., Li, H.T., Zhang, X.F., & Shi, Y.S. (2021). Neolignans and diarylheptanoids with anti-inflammatory activity from the rhizomes of Alpinia zerumbet. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 69(32), 9229-9237. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02271 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02271
Zhao, Z.L., Wang, Z.T., Xu, L.S., & Zhou, K.Y. (2002). Studies on the molecular markers of rhizomes of some Alpinia species. Planta Medica, 68(6), 574-576. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-32559 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-32559
Zou, P., Ye, Y.S., Chen, S.J., Chen, Z.Y., & Liao, J.P. (2012). Alpinia rugosa (Zingiberaceae), a new species from Hainan, China. Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature, 22(1), 128-130. https://doi.org/10.3417/2010072 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3417/2010072