Medical Cannabis Regulation in East and Southeast Asia: A Scoping Review and Policy Insights for Malaysia
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Abstract
Introduction: A global shift towards legalising cannabis for therapeutic use has sparked significant debate in East and Southeast Asia, a region historically defined by stringent anti-narcotics laws. As nations navigate the tension between therapeutic evidence and public health concerns, regulatory responses have diverged, ranging from progressive legalisation to the continuation of strict prohibition. Methods: This scoping review examines the regulatory frameworks across Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, South Korea, Singapore, and Japan to identify divergent models, persistent challenges, and potential policy insights for Malaysia. Results: The findings reveal a fragmented landscape. Thailand is a regional outlier, having legalised medical cannabis through a controlled system integrating pharmaceutical and traditional medicine. Japan permits only cannabidiol products with negligible tetrahydrocannabinol. Conversely, countries like Indonesia, Singapore, and the Philippines maintain strict prohibition with severe penalties, despite ongoing debates and legislative proposals. This regulatory diversity highlights the tension between public health concerns, economic opportunities, and treaty obligations. For Malaysia, a cautious, incremental policy reform guided by scientific evidence is recommended. Conclusion: Adopting a regulated CBD-only framework could offer Malaysia a low-risk entry point, balancing therapeutic potential with strict controls. The study underscores the need for evidence-based strategies and stakeholder engagement to facilitate safe patient access while minimising risks of misuse.
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