In vitro antiplasmodial activity of six plants against chloroquine-sensitive and resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum
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Introduction: The effectiveness of the first-line malaria treatment has been affected by drug resistance and adverse side effects leading to a limited number of treatment options. This calls for the search for alternative antimalarial agents. The study evaluated the in vitro antimalarial activity of six plants frequently used in herbal antimalarial products in Ghana against chloroquine-sensitive strain (3D7) and chloroquine-resistant strain (DD2) of Plasmodium falciparum. Method: Aqueous extracts were prepared from the plants by decoction and freeze-dried. A fluorescence-based SYBR Green assay was used to evaluate the antimalarial activity of the extracts against Plasmodium falciparum strains 3D7 and DD2. Also, the cytotoxic e?ects (CC50) of the plant extracts against red blood cells were evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) rapid calorimetric assay technique. Results: Alstonia boonei, Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, and Azadirachta indica were the most effective mono-herbal extracts with IC50 of 8.64 ?g/mL, 6.12 ?g/mL, and 5.22 ?g/mL respectively against 3D7 lab strain and 8.47 ?g/mL, 5.12 ?g/mL and 5.22?g/mL respectively against DD2 lab strain. The aqueous extracts of Paullinia pinnata, Citrus aurantiifolia, and Tetrapleura tetraptera exhibited moderate activity against both lab strains with IC50 values of 24.72 ?g/mL, 34.89 ?g/mL and 14.94 ?g/mL respectively against 3D7 strain and 14.84 ?g/mL, 31.01 ?g/mL and14.74 ?g/mL respectively against DD2 strain. All plant extracts exhibited no cytotoxicity against RBC (?100 ?g/mL, except Cryptolepis sanguinolenta with CC50 92.7 ?g/mL). Moreover, except Paullinia pinnata, Citrus aurantiifolia and Tetrapleura tetraptera (with low selectivity index: SI < 10), all the plants displayed a good selectivity index (SI>10). Conclusion: All six frequently used antimalarial plants in monotherapy possess significant antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum (3D7) and (DD2) strains. The data obtained from this study support the folkloric and frequent use of these plants in several herbal antimalarial products on the Ghanaian market.
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