Conceptual Integration of Social Cognitive and Self-Determination Theories in Promoting Physical Activity Among Pre-Frail Older Adults: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Background: Physical inactivity among pre-frail older adults contributes to the accelerated progression toward frailty, disability, and mortality. Given the influence of psychological and motivational barriers, behavioural theories offer valuable insights into initiating and sustaining physical activity (PA). Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) highlights cognitive regulators such as self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and behavioural reinforcement, while Self-Determination Theory (SDT) emphasises motivation driven by autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Integrating both perspectives may provide a more comprehensive foundation for designing effective PA interventions for pre-frail populations. Methods: A narrative review was conducted using published literature retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Eligible studies explored SCT, SDT, or both in relation to PA behaviour among older adults, with attention to findings relevant to pre-frailty. Included papers consist of cross-sectional, longitudinal, and intervention-based studies across global and Malaysian settings. Results: SCT-based approaches effectively promote PA initiation by enhancing self-efficacy, encouraging goal-setting, and reinforcing perceived health benefits. Meanwhile, SDT-based approaches support long-term adherence by strengthening intrinsic motivation, emotional well-being, and social connectedness. Evidence suggests that interventions combining SCT and SDT constructs lead to improved adherence, resilience, psychological well-being, and overall quality of life among older adults. However, the current evidence is limited by a lack of longitudinal and culturally contextualised studies particularly in Southeast Asia restricting broader applicability. Conclusion: Integrating SCT and SDT creates a synergistic behavioural framework capable of addressing both external and internal determinants of PA participation in pre-frail older adults. To advance healthy ageing strategies, future research should develop hybrid, community-based interventions tailored to cultural and social contexts, particularly within Malaysian ageing populations. Strengthening both motivation and behavioural capability may optimise resilience and sustain active ageing trajectories.