Translation and Cultural Adaptation of the Malay Version of the Noise Exposure Questionnaire (M-NEQ)

Abstract

Background: Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) remains a significant global health issue, yet self-assessment tools for individual noise exposure are limited in Malaysia. The Noise Exposure Questionnaire (NEQ), originally developed by Johnson et al., has been validated in multiple languages but has not been adapted for Malay speakers. This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the Malay version of the NEQ (M-NEQ) for use among the Malaysian population.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving forward–backward translation, expert review, and validation phases. Two independent forward and backward translations were harmonized through consensus meetings. Content validation was performed by eight expert audiologists using a four-point relevance scale, while face validation involved ten lay participants from diverse backgrounds assessing clarity and comprehensibility. Item-level and scale-level Content Validity Index (I-CVI and S-CVI/Ave) and Face Validation Index (I-FVI and S-FVI/Ave) were calculated.

Results: The I-CVI values ranged from 0.87 to 1.00, with an overall S-CVI/Ave of 0.98, indicating excellent content validity. Face validation yielded I-FVI scores between 0.90 and 1.00, and an S-FVI/Ave of 0.97, demonstrating high clarity and comprehensibility. Minor revisions were made to enhance linguistic precision and cultural relevance.

Conclusion: The Malay version of the NEQ (M-NEQ) was successfully adapted and validated, showing strong content and face validity. It represents a promising tool for assessing daily noise exposure in occupational and recreational settings among Malaysian adults. Further research is recommended to evaluate its reliability and construct validity in broader populations.