THE ISLAMIC INFLUENCE IN MOULDING AND SHAPING THE VIENNA CONVENTION ON DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS 1961
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumlj.v32i2.974Keywords:
VCDR 1961, Diplomatic Practice, Customary Law, Islamic DiplomacyAbstract
This paper seeks to discuss the origin of diplomacy in international law and its gradual development from its infancy phase until the official emergence of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1961 (“VCDR 1961”), as well as the challenges faced by the global players of international law in ensuring that international diplomacy, as embodied in the VCDR 1961, is invariably adhered to. It also highlights the prominent principles of diplomacy in Islam and their practical examples. This paper employs a descriptive-analytical approach, which contributes significantly to the study of the topic of Islamic influence in moulding and shaping the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1961. The centrality of this paper resides in the elaboration of the enormous influence of Islamic law of diplomacy on the VCDR 1961 and well-established state practice (which is a rule of Customary law). However, the focus is more on the Islamic influences that have permeated the VCDR 1961.
Metrics
References
Ahmad, Nehaluddin, Gary I. Lilienthal, and Salim Ibrahim Ali. “Diplomatic Immunity under Islamic Tradition and Practices,” in: Islamic Sources and International Law. edited by Nehaluddin Ahmad, Gary I. Lilienthal. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2023.
Ahmad, Nehaluddin, Arman Haji Asmad, and Norulaziemah binti Zulkiffle. “Evolution and Practices of Diplomatic Immunity Under Islamic Traditions and International Law.” Manchester Journal of Transnational Islamic Law & Practice 18, Issue 2 (2022): 15-41.
Almutairi, Husain Jaeez, Alias Bin Azhar, Mohammad Zaki Ahmad, and Alhejaili Hanan Abdurhman. “Importance of Diplomatic Immunities in Islamic Law (Shariah).” Journal of Civil and Legal Sciences 6, No. 01 (January 1, 2017). https://doi.org/10.4172/2169-0170.1000221.
Almutairi, Husain Jaeez. “Origin and Development of Diplomatic Immunities in Islam and International Laws.” International Journal of Business, Economics and Law 6, Issue 4 (April 2015): 47-58.
Al-Shaybani, Muhammad Al-Hasan. The Shorter Book on Muslim International Law = Kitab Al-Siyar Al-Saghir. Translated by: Mahmood Ahmad Gazi. New Delhi: Adam Publishers & Distributors, (2004).
Amid Zanjani, A.A. Political Fiqh of international treaty law and diplomacy in Islam. Tehran: SAMT Publications, (2009).
Bassiouni, M. Cherif. “Protection of Diplomats under Islamic Law.” American Journal of International Law 74, no. 3 (July 1, 1980): 609–33. https://doi.org/10.2307/2201651.
Beham, Markus P. “Islamic Law and International Criminal Law.” In Islam and International Law: Engaging Self-Centrism from a Plurality of Perspectives, eds: Marie-Luisa Frick and Andreas Th. Muller. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2013.
Belbakay, Jamal. Diplomacy in Islamic Law. Jil Research Centre. Accessed September 25, 2024. https://jilrc.com/archives/2965
Berridge, G.R. “Havana Conventions.” Accessed May 25, 2024. https://grberridge.diplomacy.edu/resources/havana-conventions/
Bsoul, Labeeb Ahmad. “Islamic Diplomacy: Views of the Classical Jurists.” In Islam and International Law: Engaging Self-Centrism from a Plurality of Perspectives, edited by Marie-Luisa Frick and Andreas Th. Muller. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2013.
Bruns, Kai. “On the Road to Vienna: The Role of the International Law Commission in the Codification of Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities, 1949–1958,” in Diplomatic Law in a New Millennium, edited byPaul Behrens, 54–72.Oxford Academic, July 2017.Accessed September 25, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795940.003.0005
China Heritage Newsletter Quarterly. “Hui Legends of the Companions of the Prophet,” No. 5, March 2006. http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/articles.php?searchterm=005_legends.inc&issue=005.
Dixon, Martin. Textbook on International Law, 7th Edition. UK: Oxford University Press, 2013.
Discover Truth. “The Battle of Mu’tah (Mutah).” March 21, 2016. Accessed September 25, 2024, https://discover-the-truth.com/2016/03/21/the-battle-of-mutah-mutah/.
Eidrup, Martin. “The concept of Amān in classical Islamic legal texts.” Bachelor Thesis, University of Gothenburg, 2014.
Global Affairs Canada (GAC). “Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations.”December 3, 2013. Accessed September 25, 2024, https://www.international.gc.ca/protocol-protocole/vienna_convention-convention_vienne.aspx?lang=eng.
Hamidullah, Muhammad. The Muslim Conduct of State. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, 2012. ISBN: 978-967-5062-889.
Haykal, Muhammad Husayn. The Life of Muhammad. US: American Trust Publication, 1976.
Hestermeyer, Holger Paul. “Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961).” In Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, edited by Rüdiger Wolfrum, 697-709.UK: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Ibn 'Ashur, Muhammad Tahir. Tafsir Al-TahrerWa Al-Tanweer.Tunisia: Al-dar al-Tunisiyyah li al-Nashr, 1984.
Ismail, Muhammad-Basheer A. Islamic Law and Transnational Diplomatic Law. US: Palgrave Macmillan New York, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137558770.
Ismail, Muhammad-Basheer A. "Justifications and Principles of Diplomatic Immunity: A Comparison between Islamic International Law and International Law," Journal of Islamic State Practices in International Law 9, no. 1 (2013): 60-101.
Ismail, Muhammad-Basheer A. "Diplomatic Immunity in Muslim States: Islamic Law Perspective on Muslim State Practice." In Islamic Law and Transnational Diplomatic Law: Philosophy, Public Policy, and Transnational Law, edited by [John Martin Gillroy], [113–138].
New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137558770_5.
Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. “Maqāṣid al-Sharī’ah: The Objectives of Islamic Law.” Islamic Studies 38, no. 2 (1999): 193–208. Accessed September 25, 2024, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20837037.
Kerley, Ernest L. “Some Aspects of the Vienna Conference on Diplomatic Intercourse and Immunities.” American Journal of International Law 56, no. 1 (1962): 88–129. https://doi.org/10.2307/2196551.
Langhorne, Richard. “On Diplomacy.” Political Studies Review 6, no. 1 (2007): 54-62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-9299.2007.00145.x.
Langhorne, Richard. “The Regulation of Diplomatic Practice: The Beginnings to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961.” Review of International Studies 18, no. 1 (1992): 3–17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20097278.
Lesaffer, Randall. The Congress of Aachen [Aix-La-Chapelle] (1818) and the Completion of the Vienna System. UK: Oxford University Press, 2018.
L. M. Review of The Science and Art of Diplomacy, by Ernest Satow. Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law 5, no. 1 (1923): 157–59. Accessed September 25, 2024, http://www.jstor.org/stable/753139
Mitchell, Sara McLaughlin, and Emilia Justyna Powell. Domestic Law Goes Global: Legal Traditions and International Courts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
Mohd Hisham Mohd Kamal. “International Legal Personality of Prophet Muḥammad (PBUH).” IIUM Law Journal 25, No. 2 (2017): 161-78. https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumlj.v25i2.341.
Park, Hyunhee. “From Imperial Encounter to Maritime Trade: Chinese Understanding of the Islamic World, 750–1260.” In Mapping the Chinese and Islamic Worlds: Cross-Cultural Exchange in Pre-Modern Asia, 20–55. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Rahmanizadeh, Hossein. "Contribution of Islam to the Development of Diplomatic and Consular Law." Journal of Current Research in Science 3, no. 2 (2015): 42-48. ISSN 2322-5009.
Safiyanu, Sadiq Muhammad. “The Principle of Diplomatic Immunity Under Islamic Law.” International Journal of Social Sciences 5, Issue 21 (2021): 42-52. Accessed September 25, 2024, https://ssrn.com/abstract=3778001.
Shaikh Mohd Saifuddeen Bin Shaikh Mohd Salleh. “Learn from Prophet’s Art of Diplomacy,” Institute of Islamic Understanding Malaysia (IKIM), May 10, 2003. Accessed September 26, 2024, https://www.ikim.gov.my/new-wp/index.php/2003/05/10/learn-from-prophets-art-of-diplomacy/
Smith, Perry S. “Of War and Peace: The Hudaibiya Model of Islamic Diplomacy.” Florida Journal of International Law 18, No. 1, Article 2 (2006): 135-168. Available at: https://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/fjil/vol18/iss1/2.
United Nations. “Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969.” Vienna, 23 May 1969. Accessed September 26, 2024, https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetailsIII.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXIII-1&chapter=23&Temp=mtdsg3&clang=_en.
Wiseman, Geoffrey, and Paul Sharp. “Diplomacy.” In An Introduction to International Relations, edited by Richard Devetak, Jim George, and Sarah Percy, 296–308. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
Wouters, Jan, Sanderijn Duquet, and Katrien Meuwissen. “The Vienna Conventions on Diplomatic and Consular Relations” in The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy, edited by Andrew F. Cooper, Jorge Heine, and Ramesh Thakur. UK: Oxford University Press,
Zawati, H.M. Is Jihad a Just War? War, Peace, and Human Rights Under Islamic and Public International Law. New York:Edwin Mellen Press, (2001).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
© Copyright 1993-2024 IIUM Press![]()
The IIUM Law Journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
- Consent to publish: The Author(s) undertakes that the article named above is original and consents that the IIUM Press publishes it.
- Previous publication: The Author(s) guarantees that the article named above has not been published before in any form, that it is not concurrently submitted to another publication, and that it does not infringe anyone’s copyright. The Author(s) holds the IIUM Press and Editors of IIUM Law Journal harmless against all copyright claims.
- Transfer of copyright: The Author(s) hereby transfers the copyright of the article to the IIUM Press, which shall have the exclusive and unlimited right to publish the article in any form, including on electronic media. The Journal in turn grants the Author(s) the right to reproduce the article for educational and scientific purposes, provided the written consent of the Publisher is obtained.







