Re-thinking Muslim Political identities in Sri Lanka
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31436/ijrcs.v3i1.124Keywords:
Politics, Imagined Communities, Muslim, Sri LankaAbstract
The Muslims in Sri Lanka have an identity crisis that affects their political representation. Whilst this has enabled them to pursue a path of accommodationist politics, there has been an evolution in the grassroots around Muslim politics. This has meant that there is a challenge for the Muslim political representation especially in the wake of the Easter Sunday attacks. This paper offers some insights into how the Muslim political representation can be reimagined.
References
Ali, A. (1997, October). The Muslim Factor in Sri Lankan Ethnic Crisis. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 17(2), 253-267.
Ali, A. (2004). The Muslims of Sri Lanka: An Ethnic Minority trapped in a Political Quagmire. Inter-Asia Cultural studies, 5(3), 372 - 383.
Allawi, A. A. (2009). The Crisis of Islamic Civilisation. London: Yale University Press.
Ameerdeen, V. (2006). Ethnic Politics of Muslims in Sri Lanka. Colombo: Centre for Minority Studies.
Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined Communities. London: Verso.
Appadurai, A. (2006). Fear of Small Numbers: An Essay on the Geography of Anger . Durham, NC, USA: Duke University Press,.
Asad, M. K. (1993). The Muslims of Sri Lanka under the British Rule. New Delhi: Navrang.
Bush, D. K. (2003). The Intra-Group Dimensions of Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka - LEarning to Read Between the Lines. Ottawa: Palgrave Macmillan.
Daily News. (2017, 03 22). MMDA does not need reform. Retrieved 03 22, 2017, from Daily News: http://dailynews.lk/2017/03/22/local/111190/mmda-does-not-need-reforms-acju-chairman
Eickelman, D. F., & Piscatori, J. P. (2004). Muslim Politics (2nd ed.). Oxford: Princeton University Press.
Fernando, J. L. (2008). Religion, Conflict and Peace in Sri Lanka: The Politics of Interpretation of Nationhoods. Dublin: LIT.
Flanigan, T. S. (2008). Faith and Fear in dveelopment: the role of religion in Sri Lanka's NGO sector. ISAS: 49th Annual Convention:Bridging Multiple Divides. San Francisco: http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p2544098_index.html.
Guibernau, M. (2007). The Identity of Nations. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Gunasekara, T. (2018, 03 07). The Beast Rides Again. Retrieved 03 07, 2018, from Groundviews: http://groundviews.org/2018/03/07/the-beast-rides-again/
Gunawardena, D. (2018, March 14). Reframing the riots. Retrieved March 14, 2018, from Daily FT: http://www.ft.lk/opinion/Reframing-the-riots/14-651181
Gurr, T. (1993). Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts. Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press.
Hamin, H., & Isadeen, H. C. (2016). Unequal Citizens: Muslim Womens Struggle for Justice and Equality in Sri Lanka. Colombo.
Haniffa, F. (2008). Piety as Politics amongst Muslim Women in Contemporary Sri Lanka. Modern Asian Studies, 42(2/3), 347-375.
Hirst, J. S. (2011). Religious Traditions in Modern South Asia. Routledge.
Hoole, M., Senanayake, N., & Perera, J. (2013). Religion, Conflict and Peace Building: The Case of Sri Lanka. In K.-A. Nordquist (Ed.), Gods and Arms: On Religion and Armed Conflict (pp. 95-119). Cambridge: The Lutterworth Press.
ICG. (2007). ‘Sri lanka’s Muslims caught in the crossfire’. Geneva: International Crisis Group.
Imtiyaz, A. (2009). The Eastern Muslims of Sri Lanka: Special Problems and Solutions. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 44(4), 407-427.
Imtiyaz, A. (2012). Identity, Choices and Crisis: A Study of Muslim Political Leadership in Sri Lanka. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 1-17.
Ismail, Q. (1997). Unmooring Identity: The Antinomies of Elite Muslim Self Representation in Modern Sri Lanka. In P. Jeganathan, & Q. Ismail, Umnaking the Nation: The Politics of Identity and History in Modern Sri Lanka (pp. 55-105). colombo: SSA.
Ismail, Q. (2013). On (not) Knowing One's Place: A Critique of Cultural Relativism. Colombo: ICES.
Jayawerdena, K. (2003). Ethnic and Class Conflict in Sri Lanka: The Emergence of Sinhala-Buddhist Consiousness: 1883-1893. Colombo: Sanjiva Books.
Johansson, A. (2007). A Third Way: The Sri Lanka Muslim Congress discourse struggle between Islamism and nationalism. Master's Thesis, Centre for Theology and Religion, Lund University.
Mcgilvray, D. (1998). Arabs, Moors and Muslims: Sri Lankan Muslim Ethnicity in Regional Perspective. Contribution to Indian Sociology, 32(2), 433-483.
McGilvray, D. B. (2008). Crucible of Conflict: Tamil and Muslim Society on the East Coast of Sri Lanka. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
McGilvray, D. B. (2011). Sri Lankan Muslims: between ethno- nationalism and the global ummah. Nations and Nationalism, 17(1), 45 - 64.
McGilvray, D. B., & Raheem, M. (2007). Muslim Perspectives on the Sri Lankan Conflict. Washington, DC: East-West Centre.
Nagaraj, V., & Haniffa, F. (2017). Towards Recovering History. Colombo: ICES.
Nasr, V. (2005). The rise of "Muslim Democracy". Journal of Democracy, 16(2), 13-27.
Nasr, V. (2012). The Rise of 'Muslim Democracy'. In D. R. Hoover, & D. M. Johnston, Religion and Foreign Affairs (pp. 449-460). Texas: Baylor University Press.
Nuhman, M. A. (2002). Understanding Sri Lankan Muslim Identity. Colombo: International Centre for Ethnic Studies.
Nuhman, M. A. (2007). Sri Lankan Muslims: Ethnic Identity within Cultural Diversity. Colombo: International Centre for Ethnic Studies.
O'Sullian, M. (1999). Conflict as a Catalyst: The Changing Politics of Sri Lankan Muslims. In S. Gamas, & I. B. Watson, Conflict and Community in Contemporary Sri Lanka. New Delhi: Sage Publications.
Ramadan, T. (1999). To Be A European Muslim. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation.
Ramadan, T. (2004). Western Muslims and the Future of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ramadan, T. (2012). The Arab Awakening: Islam and the new Middle East. London: Allen Lane.
Said, E. (2000). Invention, Memory and Place. Critical Inquiry, 26(2), 176-192.
Sen, A. (2006). Identity & Violence. Oxford: Penguin Books.
Stone, J. (1995). Race, Ethnicity and the Weberian Legacy. American Behavioural Scientists, 38(3), 391-407.
Tambiah, S. (1992). Buddhism Betrayed? Religion, Politics and Violence in Sri Lanka. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Taras, R., & Ganguly, R. (2002). Understanding Ethnic Conflict: The International Dimension. New York: Priscilla McGeehon.
Thambiah, S. (1986). Sri Lanka: Ethnic Fratricide and the Dismantling of Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Verdery, K. (1994). Ethnicity, Nationalism and State-Making: Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: Past and Future. In H. Vermeulen, & C. Govers, The Anthropology of Ethnicity: Beyoond Ethnic Groups and Boundaries (pp. 33-58). Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis.
Wettimuny, S. (2018, 03 09). On Kandy, How Myths about Minorities underlie violence. Retrieved 03 09, 2018, from Groundviews: http://groundviews.org/2018/03/09/on-kandy-how-myths-about-minorities-underlie-violence/
Zackariya, F., & Shangmugaratnam, N. (1997). Communalisation of Muslims in Sri Lanka - an historical perspective. In F. e. Zakariya, Alternative Perspectives: a Collection of Essays on Contemporary Muslim Society. Colombo: Muslim Women's Research and Action Forum.