Understanding the Soul: Abu Bakr al-Razi’s Foundational Contributions to Psychology

Abstract

This article examines the foundational contributions of Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al-Razi (854-925 CE), a 9th-century Persian polymath, to the development of psychological thought, with a focus on his conceptualisation of the soul (nafs) and human behaviours. Unlike later scholars such as Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, Abu Bakr al-Razi advanced a holistic framework that integrated physical, mental, and spiritual dimensions of human life. The article employs a conceptual and historical analysis of his writings in medicine, philosophy, and ethics to illuminate the epistemological, ontological, axiological, and teleological (EOAT) foundations of his psychology. Epistemologically, al-Razi emphasised reason, systematic observation, and clinical experience, advocating knowledge grounded in evidence rather than speculative metaphysics. Ontologically, he proposed a layered understanding of the soul, namely rational, animal, and vegetative, highlighting the dynamic interplay between body and psyche. His axiology underscored moral integrity, moderation, and compassion in human interactions, particularly in patient care, while his teleological perspective linked human flourishing with ethical conduct, mental well-being, and societal welfare. Al-Razi pioneered early principles of psychotherapy and psychosomatic medicine, introduced humane medical practices, and articulated a sophisticated model connecting mental and physical health. By revisiting his legacy, this article demonstrates how classical Islamic thought provides a culturally grounded, spiritually informed framework for contemporary psychology, especially in integrating ethical, cognitive, and affective dimensions. The study affirms the enduring relevance of al-Razi’s holistic vision for scholars and practitioners seeking to advance human-centred, ethically guided psychological theory and practice.