Towards an Islamic model of work motivation

Abstract

Optimal motivation (al-himmah al-‘āliyyah) is an important concept in Islamic psychology. Current Islamic models predominantly focus on integration with Western theories. This study proposes a synthesised model of Islamic motivation through an interpretive approach of Islamic theological texts (Qur’ān and Sunnah), classical Islamic works, and a systematic analysis of Western academic research. Islamic work motivation focuses on states of the nafs (self): al-nafs al-muṭma’innah (tranquil), al-nafs al-lawwāmah (self-reproaching), and al-nafs al-ammārah bi-al-sū’ (inclined to evil). Tawḥīd (monotheism), mediated by sincerity and Sunnah compliance, drives īmān (belief). Optimal motivation is a result of strengthened īmān moderated by knowledge, patience, reliance, piety, encouragement, and admonishment. The resultant action, integrated with a rewards/punishment system, yields motivated behaviour. Motivated behaviour is classified in three behavioural types: ẓālim li-nafsih (self-oppressive), muqtaṣid (moderate), and sābiq bi-al-khayrāt (foremost in good). Optimal motivation is the state of tranquillity where the individual sincerely strives towards good action. The model provides practitioners with a model that can be used to manage motivation and provides researchers a comprehensive framework of Islamic motivation.