Ecological Modernization: in Malaysia: A Review of Pakatan Harapan’s Manifesto Manifesto During the 14th General Election Within the Context of Ecological Modernization Framework

Abstract

Abstract: Ecological Modernization theory emerged during the 1980s in
response to other environmental sociology theories that mostly denunciate
industrialization and modernization as culprits of environmental degradation.
The basic view of Ecological Modernization is to find a balance between
development of society and nation as well as environmental protection.
Some scholars believe that this is the best module to develop a country, while
others criticize it as a pro-capitalist concept. As Malaysia is now pushing
its status towards becoming a developed and high-income nation, people’s
wellbeing as well as environmental protection needs to be highly considered.
Taking Ecological Modernization as fresh perspective to view the country’s
development plan, this paper aims to understand whether the essence of
Ecological Modernization was embedded in Pakatan Harapan’s political
manifesto during the 14th general election. As political manifesto serves as
initial policy making guidelines, it is imperative to understand the Pakatan
Harapan future plans for the country.