INFLUENCE OF CONTINUOUS FLOW BEAD-MILLING PROCESS PARAMETERS ON SULFUR CURATIVE AND ITS PERFORMANCE FOR ELASTOMERIC RUBBER COMPOSITES
Keywords:
bead-milling, sulfur, rubberAbstract
Bead-milling is an eco-friendly and feasible method for physical modification of materials that has been extensively used in many industrial applications impacting on particle size and overall products’ performance. While previous studies explored various bead-milling parameters in different applications, limited research conducted on sulfur curative dispersion, necessitating a thorough investigation of its performance after bead-milling is applied. The primary objectives of the present study were to explore the influence of bead-milling process parameters, particularly rotational speed and flow rate on the sulfur curative dispersion characteristics and to analyze its behavior within the rubber elastomer matrix. Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array experimental design was employed to identify the optimal rotational speed and flow rate of a 60-L bead-milling machine on the sulfur curative dispersion. It was found that higher rotational speed (800 rpm) and lower flow rate (350 L/h) of the bead-milling process resulted in smaller sulfur particle sizes, leading to slight improvement on tensile strength of the rubber elastomer and hindered the formation of severe sulfur crystals on the casted rubber elastomer – and vice versa. This research provides valuable insights to determine the ideal bead-milling process for sulfur curative, enhancing the mechanical properties and overall performance of elastomeric rubber composites.
References
Tan X, Zhang B, Chen L, Li X, Li L, Xie F. (2015) Effect of Planetary Ball-Milling on Multi-Scale Structures and Pasting Properties of Waxy and High-Amylose Cornstarches. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 30: 198–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2015.03.013.
Páramo-Calderón DE, Vázquez-León LA, Palma-Rodríguez HM, Utrilla-Coello RG, Vargas-Torres A, Meza-Nieto MA, Romero-Cortes T, Aparicio-Saguilán A. (2023) Effect of High-Energy Mechanical Milling on the Physicochemical and Rheological Properties of Chayotextle (Sechium Edule Sw.) Starch. Food Chemistry, 427: 136720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136720.
Bangar SP, Singh A, Ashogbon AO, Bobade H. (2023) Ball-Milling: A Sustainable and Green Approach for Starch Modification. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 237: 124069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124069.
Ahmadian H, Sallakhniknezhad R, Zhou T, Kiahosseini SR. (2022) Mechanical Properties of Al-Mg/MWCNT Nanocomposite Powder Produced under Different Parameters of Ball Milling Process. Diamond and Related Materials, 121: 108755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2021.108755.
Liu Z, Zheng Z, Zhu G, Luo S, Zhang D, Liu F, Shen Y. (2021) Modification of the Structural and Functional Properties of Wheat Gluten Protein Using a Planetary Ball Mill. Food Chemistry, 363: 130251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130251.
Carling C-J, Pekkari A. (2023) Bead Milled Drug Nanocrystal Suspensions FIne Enough to Pass through 0.22 ?m Sterilization FIlters. https://doi.org/https:/example.net.
Liu W, Xie H, Guo X, Wang K, Yang C, Wang N, Ge C. (2023) Luminescence, Stability, and Applications of CsPbBr3 Quantum Dot/Polymethyl Methacrylate Composites Prepared by a Solvent- and Ligand-Free Ball Milling Method. Optical Materials, 136: 113398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2022.113398.
Motavalizadehkakhky A, Shahrampour H. (2018) Determination of the Most Efficient Form of Sulfur for Use as a Natural Rubber Curing Agent by Comparison of Physical and Thermal Attributes of Cured Rubber. Petroleum Chemistry, 58: 89–93. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0965544118010048.
Shahrampour H, Motavalizadehkakhky A. (2017) The Effects of Sulfur Curing Systems (Insoluble-Rhombic) on Physical and Thermal Properties of the Matrix Polymeric of Styrene Butadiene Rubber. Petroleum Chemistry, 57: 700–704. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0965544117080138.
Pangamol P. (2016) Use of By-Product Sulfur from Petroleum Refinery as Vulcanizing Agent in Natural Rubber. Chiang Mai J. Sci., 43: 569–576. http://epg.science.cmu.ac.th/ejournal/.
Zheng L, Jerrams S, Xu Z, Zhang L, Liu L, Wen S. (2020) Enhanced Gas Barrier Properties of Graphene Oxide/Rubber Composites with Strong Interfaces Constructed by Graphene Oxide and Sulfur. Chemical Engineering Journal, 383: 123100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.123100.
Duan,X, Tao R, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Zhao G, Liu Y, Cheng S. (2022) Improved Mechanical, Thermal Conductivity and Low Heat Build-up Properties of Natural Rubber Composites with Nano-Sulfur Modified Graphene Oxide/Silicon Carbide. Ceramics International, 48: 22053–22063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.04.196.
Ab Rahman MF, Norfaizal NS, Azura AR. (2019) The Influence of Sago Starch Dispersion on Mechanical Properties of Biodegradable Natural Rubber Latex Films. Materials Today: Proceedings, 17: 1040–1046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.507.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Kulliyyah of Engineering, IIUM
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
