Reflections on Taṣawwuf in the Sokoto Caliphate
Keywords:
Taṣawwuf, Sufi order, Sokoto Caliphate, Islam, History.Abstract
This research offers an observation of the history and development of Sufism in the Western part of Africa in early 19th Century. The authors focus on the contribution of Sokoto Caliphates such as Shaykh '‘Uthmān bn Foduye (d.1817), his brother Shaykh Abdullah bn Foduye (d.1828) and Muhammad Bello (d.1837), the son of Shaykh ʿUthmān to the development of Sufism of the northern part of Nigeria. The research employs the qualitative methodology in which historical, textual and comparative analysis are applied on materials that are related to the topic. Finding reveals that the moderate (Sunnī) and philosophical (falsafī) Sufism flourished during the Sokoto caliphate as all of them are well versed in the Islamic law (Sharī‘ah) and Sufism.
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References
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Foduye, A. B., (nd). Tazyīn al-Waraqāt. Local Print.
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Foduye, U. B. Salāsil al-Dhahabiyyah li Sādāt al-Sūfīyyah, "MS", Centre for Islamic Studies (C.I.S.), Usmanu Danfodiyo University (UDU), Sokoto.
Foduye, U. B., (nd). Hisn al-Afhām min Juyūsh al-Auhām.
Foduye, U. B., (nd). Tarīq al-Jannah, Local Print.
Foduye, U. B., (nd.). Bayān al-Bida' al-Shaytāniyyah, n.p.
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Foduye, U. B., (nd.). Ta'dhīr al-lkhwān, n.p.p., n.p.
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Foduye, U. B., 'Umdah al-Bayān, "Ms", C.I.S., UDUS, 1/7/115.
Gidādo, A. I., “Mawāhib al-Rabbāniyyah”, “MS”, C.I.S. UDUS. 4/3/38,
Holt, P. M. & co; (eds.), (1970). Cambridge History of Islam, London: Cambridge Press.
Junayd, W. (1981). 'Urf al-Rihān, edited by S. U. Kaura, B. A. Project, Department of Islamic Studies, University of Sokoto.
Kaura, J. M., (1991). "The Sūfī Dimension in the Sokoto Caliphate", Ph.D Thesis, Department of Islamic Studies, UDUS.
Lema, G. I. (nd.) Raud al-Jinān. N.p, npp.
Lyad, A.T. (1970). AI-Tasawwuf al-lslāmī, Cairo: Angilo al-Misriyyah.
Hiskett, M. The Development of Islam in West Africa.
Minna, M. T. M., (1982). "Sultan Muhammad Bello and his intellectual contributions to the Sokoto Caliphate, Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, University of London.
Nasr, S. H. (1975) Ideals and Realities of Islam, London: George Allen and Unwin.
Whittings, C. E. J (ed.). (1951). Infāq al-Maysūr of Muhammad Bello, London: Lucas and Company.
‘AbdulQādir bn al-Mustafa, Maqāmāt al-Ambiyā’, "Ms", Private collection of Bashīr Ahmad, C.I.S., Sokoto.
‘AbdulQādir bn al-Mustafa, Salawāt al-Ahzān, "Ms", C.I.S. 4/6/10, UDUS.
AbulFath, M. J. (1971). Allāh wa al-'Alam wa al-lnsān fī al-Fikr al-lslāmī, Egypt; Dar al-Ma'arif.
Adamu, M. (1980) "A thousand years of Hausaland participation in the Trans-Saharan Trade", a paper presented at the International Seminar on the Trans-Sahara Studies, organized by the Centre for Libyan Studies, Tripoli.
Adamu, M. (1990) "A General History of the Sokoto Caliphate", in Kani, A. M. & Gandi, K. A. (eds.), State and Society in the Sokoto Caliphate, Sokoto: Usmanu Danfodiyo University.
Alī, A. Y. (1986). The Glorious Qur'an, English Translation of the Meaning and Commentary, Riyadh: The Presidency of Islamic Researches IFTA.
Asif, A. F., "The Qadi Riyyah and its Impact in Nigeria".
Balogun, S. U., (1984). "The Works of Abdul-Qādir bn Gidādo in the Context of Nigerian History", published P.hD Thesis, Birmingham.
Balogun, S. U., (nd.). "Arabic Intellectualism in West Africa: The Role of Sokoto Caliphate", in Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, vol. 6, no. 2, London: the Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs.
Bello, M. AI-Budūr al-Zāhiriyyah. "Ms", C.I.S., 2/1/10 UDUS.
Bello, M. Fath al-Bāb fī Dhikr Ba'd Khasā'is Shaykh ‘AbdulQādir, C.I.S. UDUS, 3/9/113.
Bello, M. AI-Budūr al-Yamānī, "Ms", C.I.S., 3/10/40, UDUS.
Bukhari, M. (nd). Sahīh al-Bukhārī, transl. by Muhammad, M. K. Lebanon: Dar al-Arab Publishers
Chafe, K. S. (1990). "The Transformation of Socio-Political Policies of the Leaders of the Sokoto Caliphate: A Preliminary Study of the Impact of the Socio- economic Programes and Policies on Political Integration", in Kani, A. M. & Gandi, K. A. (eds.), State and Society in the Sokoto Caliphate, Sokoto: Usmanu Danfodiyo University.
Fodiyo, U, B. (nd). "Nūr al-Albāb - Enlightening Minds", (Translated by Muhammad Isa Aliyu), in Yahya, A. B. (ed.), Selected Writings of Sheikh Othman Bn Fodiyo, vol. 3, Gusau - Nigeria: Iqra'a Publishing House.
Foduye, A. B., (nd). Tazyīn al-Waraqāt. Local Print.
Foduye, A. B., Bayān al-Arkān, "Ms", C.I.S., 2/1/10, UDUS.
Foduye, A. B., Tahdhīb al-lnsān, "Ms", C.I.S., UDUS. 2/2/22.
Foduye, U. B. Salāsil al-Dhahabiyyah li Sādāt al-Sūfīyyah, "MS", Centre for Islamic Studies (C.I.S.), Usmanu Danfodiyo University (UDU), Sokoto.
Foduye, U. B., (nd). Hisn al-Afhām min Juyūsh al-Auhām.
Foduye, U. B., (nd). Tarīq al-Jannah, Local Print.
Foduye, U. B., (nd.). Bayān al-Bida' al-Shaytāniyyah, n.p.
Foduye, U. B., (nd.). Ihyā' al-Sunnah wa Ikhmād al-Bid'ah, 2nd edition, n.p.
Foduye, U. B., (nd.). Ta'dhīr al-lkhwān, n.p.p., n.p.
Foduye, U. B., Ulūm al-Mu'āmalah. "Ms", C.I.S., UDUS, 1/7/115.
Foduye, U. B., 'Umdah al-Bayān, "Ms", C.I.S., UDUS, 1/7/115.
Gidādo, A. I., “Mawāhib al-Rabbāniyyah”, “MS”, C.I.S. UDUS. 4/3/38,
Holt, P. M. & co; (eds.), (1970). Cambridge History of Islam, London: Cambridge Press.
Junayd, W. (1981). 'Urf al-Rihān, edited by S. U. Kaura, B. A. Project, Department of Islamic Studies, University of Sokoto.
Kaura, J. M., (1991). "The Sūfī Dimension in the Sokoto Caliphate", Ph.D Thesis, Department of Islamic Studies, UDUS.
Lema, G. I. (nd.) Raud al-Jinān. N.p, npp.
Lyad, A.T. (1970). AI-Tasawwuf al-lslāmī, Cairo: Angilo al-Misriyyah.
Hiskett, M. The Development of Islam in West Africa.
Minna, M. T. M., (1982). "Sultan Muhammad Bello and his intellectual contributions to the Sokoto Caliphate, Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, University of London.
Nasr, S. H. (1975) Ideals and Realities of Islam, London: George Allen and Unwin.
Whittings, C. E. J (ed.). (1951). Infāq al-Maysūr of Muhammad Bello, London: Lucas and Company.
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Published
2018-12-30
How to Cite
Aboki, S. A.-R., & Kaura, J. M. (2018). Reflections on Taṣawwuf in the Sokoto Caliphate. AL-ITQAN: JOURNAL OF ISLAMIC SCIENCES AND COMPARATIVE STUDIES, 2(2), 21–42. Retrieved from https://journals.iium.edu.my/al-itqan/index.php/al-itqan/article/view/92
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