The Qur’anic and Biblical Concepts of God: A Comparative Discourse
Keywords:
God, Allāh, Pluralism, Comparative Religion, Malaysia.Abstract
Those who propagate the idea of religious pluralism try to strike middle position among different religious groups. They argue that sharing terms will help build a bridge of understanding between two religions. According to them, the god that is worshiped by all religions is the same, but each religion defines the meaning of God according to its own conviction. In Malaysia this had been a serious issue of controversy when recently the Court of Appeal maintained the ruling of the Higher Court, in favour of the government, that Christians are not allowed to use some Islamic terms namely; Allāh, ka’abah, baitullāh, ṣolāt among others, in translating Bible into the Malay language. The Malaysian Christians’ attempt to use the word Allāh for God began in 1974 with the new initiative of Malay version of the Bible that would replace the Indonesian translation which was then in use. The governments step in as a result of discontent and suspicion that aroused among Malay Muslims, who perceived this as an effort to disseminate Christianity among them, which a constitutional rule forbids in Malaysia. Following some series of court cases, on June 23rd, 2013 the Court of Appeal confirmed the judgment that “Allāh” is not an integral part of Christian faith. Hence, Christian cannot use that term in the Bible translation. However, many Christians and Human Right organizations view this judgment as an attempt by the State to deny Christians right and freedom to freely practice their religion.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Aasi, G.H. Muslim Understanding of Other Religions. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute Press. 1999.
Accad, F. Building Bridges. Colorado Spring, CO: Navpress. N.d.
Accad, M. “Did the Later Syriac Fathers Take into Consideration Their Islamic Context when Reinterpreting the New Testament?” Parole de l’Orient Vol. 3, 1998, pp-13-32.
Ahmed, A. “Nazari akan Ararrun Kalmomin Hausa daga Larabci”. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Nigerian Languages, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. 1999.
Al- Faruqi, I.R.A. Christian Ethics. Montreal: McGill University Press. 1967.
Al-Baydāwi, ‘Abd Allāh b. ‘Umar. Anwār al-Tanzil wa-Asrār al-Tā’wīl. (H. Fleischer ed). Osnabruck: Biblio Verlag. 1968.
Al-Dahdawī, A. A. Ikhtabir Ma’āmalatuka al-Islāmīyah wal-lugawīyah. Np: Maktif al-Saf. 2003.
Al-Hadād, Y. Al-Injīl fī-l-Qur’ān. Jounieh: Librairie pauliste. 1982.
Al-Ḥilfī, K. N. Al-Mu’jam al-Wasīṭ al-Tarjamān fī Mufradāt al-Qur’ān. Ammān, Jordan: Np. 2000.
Ali, A.Y. The Glorious Qur’an: Text, Translation and Commentary. U.K. Islamic Foundation. 1993.
Al-Ṭabari, Muḥammad Ibn Jarīr. Jāmi’ al-Bayān fī Ta´wīl al-Qurān. Beirut: Muassasah al-Risālah. 2000.
Al-Tha’labī, Abū Isḥaq. Arā’is al-Majālis fī Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyā’. Ed. Hassan ‘Abd Raḥmān. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-’Ilmiyya. 1425/ 2004.
Al-Zabīdī, Muḥammad Murtaḍa al-Husaynī. Taj al-’arūs min Jawāhir al-Qāmūs (ed. ‘Abd al-Sattār Aḥmad Farrāj). Kuwait: Maṭba’ah Ḥukūmah Kuwayt. 1965.
Ambros, A. And S. Prochazka. Concise Dictionary of Koranic Arabic. Wiesbaden: Reichert. 2004.
Ambros, A. And S. Prochazka. Nouns of Koranic Arabic Arranged by Topics. Wiesbaden: Reichert. 2006.
Arinze, F .Meeting Other Believers. Wiltshire: Cromwell Press. 1997.
Armstrong, K. The Bible: A Biography. New York: Grove Press. 2007.
Azhar, A.D. Christianity in History. Lahore: Ashraf Press. 1968.
Baydoun, A. Students Dictionary: Arabic-English and English-Arabic. Beirut: American University Beirut. 2001.
Bellamy, J.A. “A Further Notes on ‘Ῑsā.” JAOS (122): 587-8. 2002.
Bewley, A. A Glossary of Islamic Terms. London: Ta-Ha Publishers. 1998.
Bob Teoh. Allah Not Just a Word. Malaysia: Zomiky Media. 2010.
Bradley, D.G. A Guide to the World’s Religion. U.S.A: Prentice-Hall INC. 1963.
Brueggemann, W. Theology of the Old Testament: Testimony, Dispute, Advocacy. Minneapolis: Fortress. 1997.
Chapman, C. Cross and Crescent. England: Inter-Varsity Press. 1995.
Cooper, J.C. Dictionary of Christianity. Cassell: New York. 1996.
Cragg, K. Jesus and the Muslims: An Exploration. London: Allen & Unwin. 1985.
Danish, I. Contextualization: A New Missionary Approach to Muslims, al-Tawhid, Vol. 5, No. 3 & 4, Retrieved August 16, 2013.
www.al-islam.org/altawhid/context.htm
Davies, J. R. “Biblical Precedence for Contextualization”. Evangelical Review of Theology 21(3):197-214. 1977.
De Blois, F. “Nasrāni and Hanīf: Studies on the Religious Vocabulary of Christianity and Islam.” BSOAS (65), 2004, 1-30.
Denny, F. “Some religio-communal terms and concepts in the Qur’an.” Numen 24, 1977, 26-59.
Donaldson, D. M. “Al-Ya’qubī’s Chapter about Jesus Christ.” Pages 88-105 in The Macdonald’s Presentation Volume: A Tribute to Duncan Black Macdonald. Edited by William G. S et el. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1993.
Eagle, R. W. “Contextualization in Missions: A Biblical and Theological Appraisal” Grace Theological Journal, Vol.4, No.1. 1983.
Ebied, H. Concise Islamic Dictionary: English-Arabic, Arabic-English. Cairo: al-Safwa Company. 1998.
Exposito, J. L. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. London: Oxford University Press. 2003.
Fagge, U. U. “Semantic Analysis of Single Word with Different Senses” Algaita Journal of Current Research in Hausa Studies Vol. 1. No. 3. 2004.
Gibb, H.A.R and Kramers J.H. Concise Encyclopedia of Islam. Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, INC. 2001.
Harris, L. R. Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament. Chicago: Muddy Press. 1980.
Hesselgrave, D. J. & Edward, R. Contextualization: Meanings, Methods, and Models. Grand Rapids: Baker Books House. 1989.
Hick, John. God Has Many Names. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: The Westminster Press. 1982.
Horovitz, J. “Judaeo-Arabic Relations in Pre-Islamic Times.” Islamic Culture 3, 1929, 161-99.
Horrell, J. Scott. (August 2010). “Cautions Regarding “Son of God” in Muslim-Idiom Translations of the Bible: Seeking Sensible Balance”. St Francis Magazine, 4:6 640-666.
Ibn Khathīr, Hāfiz Ibn Abī al-Fadā’i Isma’īl. Qiṣaṣ al-anbiyā. Ṭantā: Dār al-Ṣaḥāba li-l-Turāth. 1995.
Ibn Khathīr, Hāfiz Ibn Abī al-Fadā’i Isma’īl. Al-Bidāyah wa-Nnihāyāh. Cairo: Dār al-Fajr li-turāth. 2003.
Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad Ibn Mukram Lisān al-‘Arab. Beirut: Dār al-ṣādir. 1955-60.
Ibn Qutaybah, ‘Abd Allāh b. Muslim.Kitāb al-ma’ārif. Edited by Tharwat ‘Ukkāsha. 2nd ed. Cairo: Dār al-ma’ārif. 1969.
Kelly, J N.D. Early Christian Doctrines. London: A&C Black. 1958.
Kenyon, F..The Story of the Bible. London: Butler & Tanner Ltd. 1947.
Khalidi, T. The Muslim Jesus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2001.
Kraft, C. Christianity in Culture: A Study in Dynamic Biblical Theologizing in Cross-Cultural Perspective. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis. 1979.
Lane, E. W. An Arabic-English Lexicon. London: Williams and Norgate. 1863-93.
Leslau, W. Comparative Dictionary of Ge‘ez. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 1987.
Lyons, J.Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1977.
Mir, M. Dictionary of Qur’anic Terms and Concepts. New York & London: Garland Publishing, INC. 1987.
Muhammad Hashim Kamali. “Allah in the Quran and Scholastic Theology” 2013, iais.org.my
<http://www.iais.org.my/e/index.php/publications-sp-1447159098/articles/item/27-allah%E2%80%99-in-the-qur%E2%80%99an-and-scholastic-theology.html>
Muhibbu-Din M.A. “Religious Truth as Unity in Diversity in Abrahamic Faiths: Implication for Muslims- Ahl-Kitab Relation,” in Z.I Oseni (Eds), Florescence of Arabic and Islamic Studies in Nigeria. Ibadan: HEBN Publishers. 2008.
Naik, Z. The Concept of God in Major Religions. Riyadh: Maktaba Dar-us-Salam. 2007.
Neusner, J. and Avery-Peck. The Routledge Dictionary of Judaism. New York and London: Routledge. 2004.
Ng Kam Weng. “Foreign Vocabulary and Loan Words in the Quran”, Krisispraxis.com, 2010 accessed on 20th Jan 2013.
<http://www.krisispraxis.com/archives/2010/01/foreign-vocabulary-and-loan-words-in-the-quran-historical-facts/ >
Ng Kam Weng. “Sacred Language and Vernacular Translation of the Scriptures”, Krisispraxis.com, 2010. Accessed on 13th May 2014. <http://www.krisispraxis.com/archives/2010/02/sacred-language-and-vernacular-translation-of-scriptures/>
Noss, P. “Bible Translation in History and into the Future”. 2009. Retrieved August 17, 2013. www.lausanneworldpulse.com/1197?rss
O’Collins, G., and Farragia E. G. A Concise Dictionary of Theology. New Jersey: Paulist Press. 2000.
O’Shaughnessey, T. The Koranic Concept of the Word of God. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute. 1953.
Osama, S.M. The Encyclopaedic Index of the Quran. New Delhi: Goodword Books. 2011.
Osmatoba, S.A. SIM/ECWA: Voices and Statistics from the Past. Np. 1994.
Parrinder, G. Jesus in the Qur’ān. London: Faber and Faber. 1965.
Parshall, P. Muslim Evangelism: Contemporary Approaches to Contextualization. Waynesboro, USA: Gabriel Publishing. 2003.
Penrice, J. A Dictionary and Glossary of the Qur’an. Delhi: 1873 Repr. Roopak Printers. 1987.
Rahman, F. Major Themes of the Qur’an. Minneapolis: Bibliotheca Islamica. 1980.
Reeves, J.C. (ed.) Bible and the Qur’an: Essays in Scriptural Intertextuality. Atlanta: Society for Biblical Literature. 2003.
Reynolds, G. S. “A reflection on two Qur’ānic words (iblīs and jūdī) with attention to the theories of A. Mingana.” JAOS 124: 675-89. 2004.
Reynolds, G. S. The Qur’an and Its Biblical Subtext. London and New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group. 2010.
Richards, L.O. Expository Dictionary of Bible Words. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House. 1991.
Ridgeon, L. Islamic Interpretation of Christianity. New York: St Martin’s Press. 2000.
Rippin, A. “Interpreting the Bible through the Qur’an.” In G.R. Hawting and A.A. Shareef (eds.) Approaches to the Qur’an. London: Routledge. 1993.
Rippin, A. “The Designation of ‘Foreign’ Languages in the Exegesis of the Qur’ān.” In J.D. McAuliffe, et el (eds), With Reverence for the Word: Medieval Scripture Exegesis in Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2003.
Robinson, N. Christ in Islam and Christianity: The representation of Jesus in the Qur’an and the classical Muslim commentaries. London: Macmillan. 1991.
Rūḥānī, M. Al-Mu’jam al-Ihṣā’ī li ‘Alfāz al-Qur’ān Karīm. Iran: Mu’assah al-Jāb wa Intishāt. 1987.
Saul, William. Reaching Muslim for the Christ. Chicago: Moody Press. 1991.
Schaaf, Y. On their Way Rejoicing: The History and Role of Bible in Africa. All Africa Conference of Churches, Africa Challenge 5; Carlisle: Paternoster Press. 1994.
Sweetman, J.W. Islam and Christian Theology. London and Red Hill: Lutterworth Press. 1947.
Taman, Harley. “Islam, Once a Hopeless Frontier, Now? Comprehensive Contextualization.” International Journal of Frontier Missions, 2004, 21(1), 6-12.
Tottoli, R. “Origin and Use of the Term Isrā’īlīyat in Muslim Literature.” Arabica, 1999, 46: 193-210.
Tottoli, T. Biblical Prophets in the Qur’an and Muslim Literature. Richmond: Curzon. 2001.
Versteegh, C. Arabic Grammar and Qur’ānic Exegesis in Early Islam. Leiden: Brill. 1993.
Waldman, M. R. “The New Approaches to ‘Biblical’ Materials in the Qur’an.” The Muslim World, 1985, 75 (1), 1-16.
Wan Azhar Wan Ahmad. Controversy over the Term “Allah” in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Attin Press Sdn Bhd. 2013.
Accad, F. Building Bridges. Colorado Spring, CO: Navpress. N.d.
Accad, M. “Did the Later Syriac Fathers Take into Consideration Their Islamic Context when Reinterpreting the New Testament?” Parole de l’Orient Vol. 3, 1998, pp-13-32.
Ahmed, A. “Nazari akan Ararrun Kalmomin Hausa daga Larabci”. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Nigerian Languages, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. 1999.
Al- Faruqi, I.R.A. Christian Ethics. Montreal: McGill University Press. 1967.
Al-Baydāwi, ‘Abd Allāh b. ‘Umar. Anwār al-Tanzil wa-Asrār al-Tā’wīl. (H. Fleischer ed). Osnabruck: Biblio Verlag. 1968.
Al-Dahdawī, A. A. Ikhtabir Ma’āmalatuka al-Islāmīyah wal-lugawīyah. Np: Maktif al-Saf. 2003.
Al-Hadād, Y. Al-Injīl fī-l-Qur’ān. Jounieh: Librairie pauliste. 1982.
Al-Ḥilfī, K. N. Al-Mu’jam al-Wasīṭ al-Tarjamān fī Mufradāt al-Qur’ān. Ammān, Jordan: Np. 2000.
Ali, A.Y. The Glorious Qur’an: Text, Translation and Commentary. U.K. Islamic Foundation. 1993.
Al-Ṭabari, Muḥammad Ibn Jarīr. Jāmi’ al-Bayān fī Ta´wīl al-Qurān. Beirut: Muassasah al-Risālah. 2000.
Al-Tha’labī, Abū Isḥaq. Arā’is al-Majālis fī Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyā’. Ed. Hassan ‘Abd Raḥmān. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-’Ilmiyya. 1425/ 2004.
Al-Zabīdī, Muḥammad Murtaḍa al-Husaynī. Taj al-’arūs min Jawāhir al-Qāmūs (ed. ‘Abd al-Sattār Aḥmad Farrāj). Kuwait: Maṭba’ah Ḥukūmah Kuwayt. 1965.
Ambros, A. And S. Prochazka. Concise Dictionary of Koranic Arabic. Wiesbaden: Reichert. 2004.
Ambros, A. And S. Prochazka. Nouns of Koranic Arabic Arranged by Topics. Wiesbaden: Reichert. 2006.
Arinze, F .Meeting Other Believers. Wiltshire: Cromwell Press. 1997.
Armstrong, K. The Bible: A Biography. New York: Grove Press. 2007.
Azhar, A.D. Christianity in History. Lahore: Ashraf Press. 1968.
Baydoun, A. Students Dictionary: Arabic-English and English-Arabic. Beirut: American University Beirut. 2001.
Bellamy, J.A. “A Further Notes on ‘Ῑsā.” JAOS (122): 587-8. 2002.
Bewley, A. A Glossary of Islamic Terms. London: Ta-Ha Publishers. 1998.
Bob Teoh. Allah Not Just a Word. Malaysia: Zomiky Media. 2010.
Bradley, D.G. A Guide to the World’s Religion. U.S.A: Prentice-Hall INC. 1963.
Brueggemann, W. Theology of the Old Testament: Testimony, Dispute, Advocacy. Minneapolis: Fortress. 1997.
Chapman, C. Cross and Crescent. England: Inter-Varsity Press. 1995.
Cooper, J.C. Dictionary of Christianity. Cassell: New York. 1996.
Cragg, K. Jesus and the Muslims: An Exploration. London: Allen & Unwin. 1985.
Danish, I. Contextualization: A New Missionary Approach to Muslims, al-Tawhid, Vol. 5, No. 3 & 4, Retrieved August 16, 2013.
www.al-islam.org/altawhid/context.htm
Davies, J. R. “Biblical Precedence for Contextualization”. Evangelical Review of Theology 21(3):197-214. 1977.
De Blois, F. “Nasrāni and Hanīf: Studies on the Religious Vocabulary of Christianity and Islam.” BSOAS (65), 2004, 1-30.
Denny, F. “Some religio-communal terms and concepts in the Qur’an.” Numen 24, 1977, 26-59.
Donaldson, D. M. “Al-Ya’qubī’s Chapter about Jesus Christ.” Pages 88-105 in The Macdonald’s Presentation Volume: A Tribute to Duncan Black Macdonald. Edited by William G. S et el. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1993.
Eagle, R. W. “Contextualization in Missions: A Biblical and Theological Appraisal” Grace Theological Journal, Vol.4, No.1. 1983.
Ebied, H. Concise Islamic Dictionary: English-Arabic, Arabic-English. Cairo: al-Safwa Company. 1998.
Exposito, J. L. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. London: Oxford University Press. 2003.
Fagge, U. U. “Semantic Analysis of Single Word with Different Senses” Algaita Journal of Current Research in Hausa Studies Vol. 1. No. 3. 2004.
Gibb, H.A.R and Kramers J.H. Concise Encyclopedia of Islam. Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, INC. 2001.
Harris, L. R. Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament. Chicago: Muddy Press. 1980.
Hesselgrave, D. J. & Edward, R. Contextualization: Meanings, Methods, and Models. Grand Rapids: Baker Books House. 1989.
Hick, John. God Has Many Names. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: The Westminster Press. 1982.
Horovitz, J. “Judaeo-Arabic Relations in Pre-Islamic Times.” Islamic Culture 3, 1929, 161-99.
Horrell, J. Scott. (August 2010). “Cautions Regarding “Son of God” in Muslim-Idiom Translations of the Bible: Seeking Sensible Balance”. St Francis Magazine, 4:6 640-666.
Ibn Khathīr, Hāfiz Ibn Abī al-Fadā’i Isma’īl. Qiṣaṣ al-anbiyā. Ṭantā: Dār al-Ṣaḥāba li-l-Turāth. 1995.
Ibn Khathīr, Hāfiz Ibn Abī al-Fadā’i Isma’īl. Al-Bidāyah wa-Nnihāyāh. Cairo: Dār al-Fajr li-turāth. 2003.
Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad Ibn Mukram Lisān al-‘Arab. Beirut: Dār al-ṣādir. 1955-60.
Ibn Qutaybah, ‘Abd Allāh b. Muslim.Kitāb al-ma’ārif. Edited by Tharwat ‘Ukkāsha. 2nd ed. Cairo: Dār al-ma’ārif. 1969.
Kelly, J N.D. Early Christian Doctrines. London: A&C Black. 1958.
Kenyon, F..The Story of the Bible. London: Butler & Tanner Ltd. 1947.
Khalidi, T. The Muslim Jesus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2001.
Kraft, C. Christianity in Culture: A Study in Dynamic Biblical Theologizing in Cross-Cultural Perspective. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis. 1979.
Lane, E. W. An Arabic-English Lexicon. London: Williams and Norgate. 1863-93.
Leslau, W. Comparative Dictionary of Ge‘ez. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 1987.
Lyons, J.Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1977.
Mir, M. Dictionary of Qur’anic Terms and Concepts. New York & London: Garland Publishing, INC. 1987.
Muhammad Hashim Kamali. “Allah in the Quran and Scholastic Theology” 2013, iais.org.my
<http://www.iais.org.my/e/index.php/publications-sp-1447159098/articles/item/27-allah%E2%80%99-in-the-qur%E2%80%99an-and-scholastic-theology.html>
Muhibbu-Din M.A. “Religious Truth as Unity in Diversity in Abrahamic Faiths: Implication for Muslims- Ahl-Kitab Relation,” in Z.I Oseni (Eds), Florescence of Arabic and Islamic Studies in Nigeria. Ibadan: HEBN Publishers. 2008.
Naik, Z. The Concept of God in Major Religions. Riyadh: Maktaba Dar-us-Salam. 2007.
Neusner, J. and Avery-Peck. The Routledge Dictionary of Judaism. New York and London: Routledge. 2004.
Ng Kam Weng. “Foreign Vocabulary and Loan Words in the Quran”, Krisispraxis.com, 2010 accessed on 20th Jan 2013.
<http://www.krisispraxis.com/archives/2010/01/foreign-vocabulary-and-loan-words-in-the-quran-historical-facts/ >
Ng Kam Weng. “Sacred Language and Vernacular Translation of the Scriptures”, Krisispraxis.com, 2010. Accessed on 13th May 2014. <http://www.krisispraxis.com/archives/2010/02/sacred-language-and-vernacular-translation-of-scriptures/>
Noss, P. “Bible Translation in History and into the Future”. 2009. Retrieved August 17, 2013. www.lausanneworldpulse.com/1197?rss
O’Collins, G., and Farragia E. G. A Concise Dictionary of Theology. New Jersey: Paulist Press. 2000.
O’Shaughnessey, T. The Koranic Concept of the Word of God. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute. 1953.
Osama, S.M. The Encyclopaedic Index of the Quran. New Delhi: Goodword Books. 2011.
Osmatoba, S.A. SIM/ECWA: Voices and Statistics from the Past. Np. 1994.
Parrinder, G. Jesus in the Qur’ān. London: Faber and Faber. 1965.
Parshall, P. Muslim Evangelism: Contemporary Approaches to Contextualization. Waynesboro, USA: Gabriel Publishing. 2003.
Penrice, J. A Dictionary and Glossary of the Qur’an. Delhi: 1873 Repr. Roopak Printers. 1987.
Rahman, F. Major Themes of the Qur’an. Minneapolis: Bibliotheca Islamica. 1980.
Reeves, J.C. (ed.) Bible and the Qur’an: Essays in Scriptural Intertextuality. Atlanta: Society for Biblical Literature. 2003.
Reynolds, G. S. “A reflection on two Qur’ānic words (iblīs and jūdī) with attention to the theories of A. Mingana.” JAOS 124: 675-89. 2004.
Reynolds, G. S. The Qur’an and Its Biblical Subtext. London and New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group. 2010.
Richards, L.O. Expository Dictionary of Bible Words. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House. 1991.
Ridgeon, L. Islamic Interpretation of Christianity. New York: St Martin’s Press. 2000.
Rippin, A. “Interpreting the Bible through the Qur’an.” In G.R. Hawting and A.A. Shareef (eds.) Approaches to the Qur’an. London: Routledge. 1993.
Rippin, A. “The Designation of ‘Foreign’ Languages in the Exegesis of the Qur’ān.” In J.D. McAuliffe, et el (eds), With Reverence for the Word: Medieval Scripture Exegesis in Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2003.
Robinson, N. Christ in Islam and Christianity: The representation of Jesus in the Qur’an and the classical Muslim commentaries. London: Macmillan. 1991.
Rūḥānī, M. Al-Mu’jam al-Ihṣā’ī li ‘Alfāz al-Qur’ān Karīm. Iran: Mu’assah al-Jāb wa Intishāt. 1987.
Saul, William. Reaching Muslim for the Christ. Chicago: Moody Press. 1991.
Schaaf, Y. On their Way Rejoicing: The History and Role of Bible in Africa. All Africa Conference of Churches, Africa Challenge 5; Carlisle: Paternoster Press. 1994.
Sweetman, J.W. Islam and Christian Theology. London and Red Hill: Lutterworth Press. 1947.
Taman, Harley. “Islam, Once a Hopeless Frontier, Now? Comprehensive Contextualization.” International Journal of Frontier Missions, 2004, 21(1), 6-12.
Tottoli, R. “Origin and Use of the Term Isrā’īlīyat in Muslim Literature.” Arabica, 1999, 46: 193-210.
Tottoli, T. Biblical Prophets in the Qur’an and Muslim Literature. Richmond: Curzon. 2001.
Versteegh, C. Arabic Grammar and Qur’ānic Exegesis in Early Islam. Leiden: Brill. 1993.
Waldman, M. R. “The New Approaches to ‘Biblical’ Materials in the Qur’an.” The Muslim World, 1985, 75 (1), 1-16.
Wan Azhar Wan Ahmad. Controversy over the Term “Allah” in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Attin Press Sdn Bhd. 2013.
Downloads
Published
2019-06-30
How to Cite
Darma, D. B. (2019). The Qur’anic and Biblical Concepts of God: A Comparative Discourse. AL-ITQAN: JOURNAL OF ISLAMIC SCIENCES AND COMPARATIVE STUDIES, 3(1), 29–43. Retrieved from https://journals.iium.edu.my/al-itqan/index.php/al-itqan/article/view/108
Issue
Section
Articles
