Ushama, Thameem. “THE PHENOMENON OF IRHAB (TERRORISM): MEANING, HISTORY AND CAUSES”. Al-Shajarah Journal of the International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilisation (ISTAC) 23, no. 1 (July 9, 2018): 1–40. Accessed March 13, 2026. https://journals.iium.edu.my/shajarah/index.php/shaj/article/view/661.