Alaeddin Tekin. 2021. “RESTORATION OF RIAU SULTANATE-OTTOMAN RELATIONS (1857-1904):: Explanatory Factors”. Al-Shajarah: Journal of the International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization (ISTAC) 26 (2):177-96. https://doi.org/10.31436/shajarah.v26i2.1307.