Tahir, zhilwan and Nuri , A. J. N. . (2024) “Unveiling Historical Trajectory and Civilisational Evolution: A Comparative Examination through the Lenses of Ibn Khaldun and Oswald Spengler”, IIUM Journal of Religion and Civilisational Studies, 6(2), pp. 184–212. doi: 10.31436/ijrcs.v6i2.300.