Selecting the Best Theory to Explain the Formation of Different Universities Based on Sadra’s Philosophy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31436/ijema.v32i1.1169Keywords:
University, Inference to the best explanation, Sadra’s philosophy, Mulla Sadra, IslamAbstract
In recent years, the role of universities in the development of societies has increased. In Iran, as in other countries, universities have made changes to their programs, but it still seems they need some new policies to strengthen the impact of universities on the development of society. While explaining the reasons for the formation of existing universities at the international level, this article attempts to use the framework of Sadra's philosophy to present a new type of university called “wisdom-oriented” university. This university activates the four functions as follows: Graduate education, Development of technology and technical knowledge, Problem-solving and communicating with society (such as industry, government institutions, etc.), and Producing and disseminating of knowledge content. If the wisdom-based university is formed and institutionalized, the following characteristics could be expected: “Avoidance of particularity”, “attention to comprehensiveness and gradual shift to specialization”, “scientific moderation and attention to wisdom”, “fostering creativity, production and accumulation of knowledge content”, “duty-oriented interaction with society”, “unbounded activity”, “continuous effort to come closer to God” and “optimal use of science and technology.”
References
Abdullah, A.H., and K.A. Halabi. “The Wisdom: A Concept of Character Building Based on Islamic View.” International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Science 7, no. 5 (2017): 412-25.
Acar, R. “Knowledge in Later Islamic Philosophy: Mulla Sadra on Existence, Intellect, and Intuition.” Insight Turkey 15, no. 2 (2013): 207.
Alderson, P. “Powerful Knowledge and the Curriculum: Contradictions and Dichotomies.” British Educational Research Journal 46, no. 1 (2020): 26-43.
Allen, Michael. The Goals of Universities. Open University Press, 1988.
Aviram, A. “The Humanist Conception of the University: A Framework for Post-modern Higher Education.” European Journal of Education 27, no. 4 (1992): 397-414.
Bartell, M. “Internationalization of Universities: A University Culture-based Framework.” Higher Education 45 (2003): 43-70.
Bayuo, B.B., C. Chaminade, and B. Göransson. “Unpacking the Role of Universities in the Emergence, Development, and Impact of Social Innovations– A Systematic Review of the Literature.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 155 (2020): 120030.
Bradford, Elisabeth EF, Martina De Lillo, and Heather J. Ferguson. “The Future of Research on Social Interaction.” In The Cognitive Basis of Social Interaction Across the Lifespan. Edited by Heather J. Ferguson and Elisabeth E.F Bradford, 201-28. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2021.
Brennan, J. “Higher Education and Social Change.” Higher Education 56, no. 3 (2008): 381-93.
______. Higher Education in Transition: History of American Colleges and Universities. Routledge, 2017.
Dakake, M.M. “The Soul as Barzakh: Substantial Motion and Mulla Sadra's Theory of Human Becoming.” The Muslim World 94, no. 1 (2004): 107-30.
Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de. Universities in Early Modern Europe (1500-1800). Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Delanty, Gerard. Challenging Knowledge: The University in the Knowledge Society. Open University Press, 2001.
DiMaggio, Paul. “Social Structure, Institutions, and Cultural Goods: The Case of the United States.” In Social Theory for a Changing Society. Edited by Bourdieu, P., Coleman, J.S., & Coleman, Z.W., 133-66. Routledge 2019.
Eshkevari, Mohammed Fanaei. “Mulla Sadra’s Theory of Substantial Motion.” In Substance and Attribute Western and Islamic Traditions in Dialogue, edited by Christian Kanzian and Muhammad Legenhausen, 1-18. From ontos verlag: Publications of the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society-New Series, 2013.
Ford, Marcus P. Beyond the Modern University: Toward a Constructive Postmodern University. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002.
Fuller, S. “The University: A Social Technology for Producing Universal Knowledge.” Technology in Society 25, no. 2 (2003): 217-34.
Geravand, S., and M.K.R. Joudi. “The Possibilities and Characteristics of the Necessary Transcendental Knowledge from the Perspective of Mulla Sadra.” International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 7, no. 4 (2020): 235-46.
Gibbons, Michael, Camille Limoges, Peter Scott, Simon Schwartzman, and Helga Nowotny. The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies. United Kingdom: Sage Publications Ltd (1994): 1-192.
Granquist, M. A History of Luther Seminary: 1869-2019. Fortress Press, 2019.
Guston, David H., and Kenneth Keniston. “Introduction: The Social Contract for Science.” The Fragile Contract: University Science and the Federal Government (1994): 1-41.
Javadi Amoli, A. The Interpretation of Man through Man. Esra Publication Center, [In Persian] 2006.
Kalin, I. “MullaSadra's Realist Ontology of the Intelligibles and Theory of Knowledge.” The Muslim World 94, no. 1 (2004): 81-106.
Kamal, M. Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy. Routledge, 2016.
Karran, T. “Academic Freedom: In Justification of a Universal Ideal.” Studies in Higher Education 34, no. 3 (2009): 263-83.
Kempton, Louise. “Wishful Thinking? Towards a More Realistic Role for Universities in Regional Innovation Policy.” In Dislocation: Awkward Spatial Transitions, edited by Philip Cooke, 271-88. Routledge, 2021.
Khademzadeh, V., and F. Kanaani. “Knowing as Seeing” Metaphor in Mulla Sadra’s Philosophy.” Contemporary Wisdom 13, no. 1 (2022): 61-93.
Koosha, Ghulam Haidar. “Social Ontology in Sadra's Philosophy: The Study of the Formation of Society and Social Existence of Man in Transcendental Wisdom.” The Quarterly of Scientific and Research Journal of Fundamental Researches on Humanities in the Framework of the Missions of the Supreme Assembly of Islamic Humanities 2, no. 4 (2017): 61-84. [In Persian]
Lipton, Peter. Inference to the Best Explanation. Routledge, 2004.
Marozau, R., M., Guerrero, and D. Urbano. “Impacts of Universities in Different Stages of Economic Development.” Journal of the Knowledge Economy 12, no. 1 (2021): 1-21.
Mesbah-Yazdi, Mohammad T. Islamic Management Requirements. Qom: Imam Khomeini Education and Research Institute, 2012. [In Persian]
Mirhadi, S.M. The “Relationship between Imagination and Act in the Philosophy of Mulla Sadra.” Biannual Scientific Journal SADR?’I WISDOM 8, no. 1 (2019): 131-44. [In Persian]
Mirzaee, J. “Anthropological Bases in Imam Khomeini’s Thought.” Journal of Islamic Education Research 4, no. 7 (2012): 151-65. [In Persian]
Musavi Khomeini, Seyyed R. An Exposition to Forty Hadiths. Tehran: The Institute for the Compilation and Publication of the Works of Imam Khomeini, 1992. [In Persian]
___. Sharhe Hadith Aghl va Jahl. Tehran: The Institute for the Compilation and Publication of the Works of Imam Khomeini, 2007. [In Persian]
___. Sahifeh-Ye Imam: An Anthology of Imam Khomeinis Speeches, Messages, Interviews, Decrees, Religious Permissions, and Letters. V 16, Tehran: The Institute for the Compilation and Publication of the Works of Imam Khomeini, 2008. [In Persian]
Mutahhari, M. Fetrat (Human Nature). Tehran: Sadra Publication, 1994 [In Persian]
______. Hamase Hoseini. Tehran: Sadra Publication, 1997 [In Persian]
______. Majmoe Asar. V 1, Tehran: Sadra Publication, 1998 [In Persian]
______. Majmoe Asar. V 22, Tehran: Sadra Publication, 2010 [In Persian]
______. Azadi Manavi (Spiritual Freedom). Tehran: Sadra Publication, 2011 [In Persian]
______. Yaddasht haye ostad Mutahhari [Mutahhari’s Notes]. V 11, Tehran: Sadra Publication, 2013 [In Persian]
______. Majmoe Asar. V 13, Tehran: Sadra Publication, 2015 [In Persian]
Nasr, Seyyed. H. Islamic Philosophy from its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy. SUNY Press, 2006.
Nurdin, F., H. Nasution, and H.B. Nasution. “Transcendental Epistemology Study of Philosophy of Wisdom Muta’aliyah Mulla Sadra.” Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences 2 (2019): 528-36.
Rafiei Atani, Ataollah. Reality and the method of explaining human action in the framework of the Islamic philosophy. Islamic and Human Sciences Research Center of the Sadra Publisher, 2018. [In Persian].
Rezaee, M., M.Sadeghi Hasanabadi, and A. Rostampour. “The Analysis of the Place of Imagination and Fancy in the Domain of Human Perceptions and Actions According to Mulla Sadra.” Biannual Scientific Journal SADR?’I WISDOM 1, no. 2 (2013): 63-76.
Rizvi, S.H. “Mull? ?adr? and Causation: Rethinking a Problem in Later Islamic Philosophy.” Philosophy East and West, (2005): 570-83.
Rudy, Willis. The Universities of Europe, 1100-1914: A History. London: Associated University Presses, 1984.
Sadr Al-motealehin. Al-Hekmat Al-Moteali Fi Asfar Al-Aghlie Al-Arbae. Beirut: Dar Ehya Al-Toras Press, 1981 [In Arabic].
_____. Al-Shavahed Alrobubiat. Mashhad: Al-markaz Al-jamei le`nashr Press, 1981b. [In Arabic].
Sanderson, Michael. (2016). The Universities in the Nineteenth Century. Routledge, 2016.
Sardar, Ziauddin. Explorations in Islamic Science. Mansell, 1989.
Scott, John C. “The Mission of the University: Medieval to Postmodern Transformations.” The Journal of Higher Education 77, no. 1 (2006): 1-39.
Shah Abadi, Mohammad A. Rashahat-Al-Bahar. Muslim Women Movement Publication, 1981 [In Persian].
Sheykh, R.H., and M.M. Hashemi. “Knowledge as A Mode of Being: Mulla Sadra’s Theory of Knowledge.” Sophia Perennis (J?v?d?n Khirad), (2009): 19-42.
Shinn, T. “The Triple Helix and New Production of Knowledge: Prepackaged Thinking on Science and Technology.” Social Studies of Science 32, no. 4 (2002): 599-614.
Tabatabai, Mohammad H. Al-Mizan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an. Qom: Islamic Publications Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom, 1996 [in Persian].
Thijssen, Johannes M.M.H. Censure and Heresy at the University of Paris, 1200-1400. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011
Wimmer, A., and Y. Feinstein. “The Rise of the Nation-State across the World, 1816 to 2001.” American Sociological Review 75, no. 5 (2010): 764-90.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
