Redundant Acronym Syndrome in Indonesian News Articles: A Corpus Analysis Approach

The aims of the study are to explore the occurrence of Redundant Acronym Syndrome (RAS) in Indonesian news articles and examine its implications by employing corpus analysis approach. The main source of the data from the Indonesian news corpus, which consists of 150,466 articles from Indonesian news websites over a six-month period spanned from July 2015 to December 2015. The data analysis was conducted by using Antconc software version 4.02. The analysis reveals a systematic and recognisable structure in acronym formation, highlighting cultural or organisational conventions such as initial phoneme retention, retention of syllables + letters, and retention of syllables and syllables, and retention of initial phonemes and letters. The findings of this study revealed a total of 40 Redundant Acronym with 5730 occurrences identified in the Indonesian news corpus, covering various fields such as the name of football clubs, banks, political parties, educational institutions, government-related terms, and commonly used phrases. This research also discussed that that RAS in news articles can have both negative and positive impacts. It negatively impact readability by making repetitions and potentially confusing the reader. In contrast, RAS can also improve clarity by emphasising certain aspects or reinforcing associations in acronyms, so that readers can instantly recognise and understand them. The findings provided valuable insights for news writers and editors, emphasising the importance of a balance between readability and clarity in news articles.


Introduction
The use of acronyms and abbreviated forms of words has already become so prevalent and ingrained in daily communication that it is difficult to imagine a language without them (Izura and Playfoot; Falahati; Fred and Cheng).This linguistic sign has become an integral part of Indonesian language and is now considered a routine and natural means of expression (Prihatini et al.).In addition, the use of such linguistic signs is currently often associated with prestige (Javarone and Armano).However, as the frequent use of acronyms continues to rise, it has given rise to a linguistic phenomenon known as"" "Redundant Acronym Syndrome" (RAS).This term was first released in 2001 by the New Scientist magazine in United Kingdom as a linguistic phenomenon (Thaba).Redundant Acronym Syndrome occurs when a phrase is abbreviated, but the abbreviation includes one or more words that are already represented by the remaining letters (Thaba).For example, ATM machine (ATM stands for automated teller machine), as the word "machine" is added after the acronym, it becomes redundant as the letter "M" in "ATM" already stands for "machine".The proper usage is "ATM" without the addition of "machine" at the end of the acronym.These examples are widely used and have become second nature to a lot of people.They are such an ingrained part of our vocabulary that many people may not notice that they are overused or redundant.
News articles frequently shorten words and phrases through the use of acronyms and abbreviations, in their attempt to shorten the length of the article (Appelman).This is a common practice, particularly in headlines and sub headlines, where space is limited (Appelman).The use of acronyms and abbreviations allows the journalist to deliver information in a quick and efficient way, assuming that the reader is already familiar with abbreviated forms.Nevertheless, it is worth noting that using acronyms and abbreviations can occasionally be a barrier for readers who are unfamiliar with the particular terms involved.
In addition, the language used in news articles can have a significant impact on how the news is perceived by the public (Peterson and Allamong; Wang).The news articles also have a crucial role in shaping public opinion and influencing public discourse, particularly on social and political issues (Chen, et.al.,2020).In other words the language used in news articles is a powerful tool to shape public opinion and contribute to wider public discourse.Nonetheless, the excessive use of acronyms, specifically Redundant Acronym Syndrome (RAS), will pose challenges in the context of news articles.
The objective of this study is to investigate the existence and examine the implications of RAS particularly in news articles in Indonesia.The study employs Indonesian news corpus analysis to delve into the phenomenon and discuss its impact within the realm of news articles.The use of acronyms in article discourse has been widely studied in various languages and contexts, but research on RAS in Indonesian news articles is under-studied.Therefore, this study intends to fill the research gap by investigating the occurrence and of RAS in Indonesian news articles by using a corpus analysis approach.By examining a large corpus of news articles, this study attempts to provide information concerning the use of RAS in Indonesian news articles.

Redundant Acronym Syndrome
In this phrase, the term "syndrome" is used metaphorically to denote a recurrent phenomenon in which words that are previously represented by an acronym are used to name it twice.The word "syndrome" implies that this behavior is not an isolated incident but rather a consistent pattern that may be observed in numerous examples of acronym generation (Yang).The term "Redundant Acronym Syndrome" is closely associated with the concept of pleonasm (Thaba).The comparison to pleonasm strengthens the notion that RAS uses redundant language, similar to what is seen in pleonastic phrases.In this context, "syndrome" essentially emphasises the repetitious nature of creating acronyms with pointless repetitions.
Pleonasm denotes the excessive or redundant use of language by including unnecessary or extra information (Kasperaviciene).It is characterised by the excessive inclusion of words or phrases that do not contribute meaningfully to the overall message or understanding of the sentence (Omid et al.).Pleonasm is considered a poor language behavior that should be avoided in (written) language (Kasperaviciene).This phenomenon is due to the fact that pleonasm can damage the order of meaning formed in the sentence.Similar to how pleonasm is considered a bad language habit to avoid, RAS could additionally be perceived as a phenomenonthat results in ineffective communication and sentence construction.RAS occurs due to the speaker's unconsciousness, the development of language culture in society, the absence of adequate knowledge to be applied in language according to the rules, and impoliteness in language (Thaba).

Indonesian Acronym
Acronyms play an essential role in everyday communication in Indonesia.They are widely used in various fields, including government, education, business, and popular culture.Indonesian acronyms are formed by taking the initial letters of each word in a phrase or expression and combining them to create a shorter form.According to (Deliani), the acronym process can be classified into six groups, namely (1) the retention of syllables and syllables, (2) the retention of syllables + letters, (3) the retention of words and syllables + phonemes, (4) the retention of initial phonemes, (5) the retention of initial phonemes and syllables and (6) the retention of words and syllables + phonemes.
Indonesian acronyms can be found in various contexts.In government and bureaucracy, acronyms are generally used to refer to certain ministries, institutions or regulations.For instance, KPK (Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi) refers to the Corruption Eradication Commission.In some cases, an acronym is formed by using certain letters of the word it represents.The common people in Indonesia address all abbreviations as acronyms because their high preference of abbreviating long phrases stems from a need to increase the ease of pronunciation and familiarity of words (Derin et al.; Cenderamata and Agus).Acronyms in Indonesian language contribute to the development of a shared language and understanding within a particular community or professional field.

Methodology
In analyzing Redundant Acronym Syndrome in Indonesian news articles, the dataset utilised was the Indonesian News Corpus, created by Rahutomo & Muzad (2018).This corpus is freely accessible and specifically designed for research purposes and available at the link provided (https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/2zpbjs22k3/1).This corpus comprises a collection of news articles sourced from various Indonesian news websites.The corpus contained 150,466 news articles, which originated from several Indonesian news websites that are freely accessible.The data collection process for our corpus took place over a six-month period, specifically from July 2015 to December 2015.During this time periode, a total of 31,313,139 words and 34,982,020 tokens were successfully collected.The selected news websites included in the corpus are Kompas.com, Tempo, metrotvnews, Merdeka.com, Republika.co.id, Viva.co.id, and Tribunnews.The fields news selected in the corpus included technology, automotive industry, business and economy, national news, sports, football, lifestyle, and travel Muzad and Rahutomo.The selection of these fields in the corpus was driven by practical considerations, namely an efficient crawling process with an average time of 1 second per news article and does not exceed 2 seconds/news.This present study employed Antconc software version 4.02 (https://www.laurenceanthony.net/software/antconc/) to analyze the data obtained from the Indonesian news corpus.Using Antconc software to identify occurences of RAS in the corpus and make it possible to measure the prevalence of RAS in Indonesian articles news articles.It also enabled to perform various statistical analyses on the data, such as frequency counts and collocation analysis.Figure 1 demonstrates the process of identifying RAS, using a search term in AntConc Software.For instance, by typing "Bank BTN" into the search term, AntConc will generate a Key Word in Context (KWIC) display containing the keyword surrounding by its context.In this case, the acronymic representation (BTN) is followed by the full form (Bank BTN) within the same context which caused RAS.The criteria for selection involve a careful process, taking into account the context and proximity of the acronym to its complete form.Therefore, the left context displays the words or text that appear before "Bank BTN", while the right context shows the words or text that follow it.It allows us to see how "Bank BTN" is being used and determine if the keyword demonstrates the redundant characteristic.The hit presents the occurrence of the word "Bank BTN" in the content of the corpus, and total hits provides the total number of occurrences.
By using AntConc software for text analysis and the Indonesian News Corpus dataset, this research was carried out through various stages, including identifying acronyms, determining redundancy, analyzing frequency, and conducting interpretation.For this outcome, the sequential steps taken to carry out the study was undertaken as depicted in Figure 2. Figure 2 showed the steps to carry out the research and reach the conclusions about the extent of RAS prevalence in Indonesian news articles.The processes of analyzing RAS in the Indonesian news corpus using AntConc software were summarised in the following steps; 1) obtaining the Indonesian News Corpus: download corpus dataset, (https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/2zpbjs22k3/1);2) installing AntConc Software: Download and install AntConc, a software for text analysis, from the official website (https://www.laurenceanthony.net/software/antconc/); 3) loading the Indonesian News Corpus: Open AntConc and import the Indonesian News Corpus into the software.The corpus is formatted with a text file to be compatible with AntConc; 4) Identify Acronyms: use AntConc's concordance tool to search for examples of acronyms in the corpus.In the present study, we chose to restrict the usage of acronyms to certain fields.The fields selected include technology, automotive industry, business and economy, national news, sports, football, lifestyle, and travel.This decision was based on the fact that the corpus, which was used in this study, primarily focuses on these areas and create a list of identified acronyms for further analysis; 5) Determining Redundant Acronyms: view each acronym identified in the context of the news article to determine if it is overused; 7) calculating the frequency: utilise AntConc's quantitative tools to count and distribute redundant acronyms in the corpus, by using word frequency lists or concordance plots, to gain insight into the prevalence of RAS in Indonesian news articles; 8) conducting the qualitative analysis, identify important patterns and observations related to the redundant use of acronyms; 9) interpretation, analyzed the findings from the analysis; finally, 10) drawing conclusions regarding the extent of RAS in news articles in Indonesia, its impact, and related implications.

Acronym Formation Process of Indonesian Terms
According to (Deliani) the acronym process can be classified into six groups, namely (1) the retention of syllables and syllables, (2) the retention of syllables + letters, (3) the retention of words and syllables + phonemes, (4) the retention of initial phonemes, (5) the retention of initial phonemes and syllables and ( 6) the retention of words and syllables + phonemes.The acronyms used in this study were analyzed through the process of Indonesian acronym formation.

Initial Phoneme Retention
Initial Phoneme Retention is an acronym creation technique that retains the first phoneme (sound or letter) of the word component in a term.Some acronyms of the Indonesian terms studied in this research are formed by retaining the initial sound of the word.
Table 1.Formation of Indonesian Acronyms through Initial Phoneme Retention N o

Indonesian Terms
Acronym Process A 1 Bank Jawa Barat The retention of initial phonemes B 2 Bank Rakyat Indonesia The retention of initial phonemes B 3 Bank Tabungan Negara The retention of initial phonemes B 4 Bank Negara Indonesia The retention of initial phonemes B 5 Bank Central Asia The retention of initial phonemes B 6 Bank Tabungan Pensiunan Nasional The retention of initial phonemes B 7

Partai Persatuan Pembangunan
The retention of initial phonemes P 8 Partai Amanat Nasional The retention of initial phonemes P 9 Partai Keadilan Sejahtera The retention of initial phonemes P 10 Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa The retention of initial phonemes P 11 Partai Keadilan dan Persatuan Indonesia The retention of initial phonemes P 12 Persatuan Sepak Bola Makassar The retention of initial phonemes P 13 Perserikatan Sepakbola Sleman The retention of initial phonemes P 14 Persatuan Sepak Bola Indonesia Semarang The retention of initial phonemes P 15 Sekolah Dasar

The retention of initial phonemes S 16 Sekolah Menengah Pertama
The retention of initial phonemes S 17

Sekolah Menengah Atas
The retention of initial phonemes S 18 Surat Tanda Nomor Kendaraan The retention of initial phonemes S 19 Kartu Indonesia Sehat The retention of initial phonemes K 20 Kartu Tanda Penduduk The retention of initial phonemes K 21 Kredit Usaha Rakyat The retention of initial phonemes K 22 Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor.

The retention of initial phonemes P 23 Pegawai Negeri Sipil
The retention of initial phonemes P 24 Perusahaan Listrik Negara The retention of initial phonemes P 25 Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah The retention of initial phonemes U 26 Persatuan Sepak Bola Medan Sekitarnya The retention of initial phonemes P Table 1 reveals one of the acronym formations for terms in Indonesian, where the process involves the retention of initial phonemes.This formation is seen in various fields, including banking, politics, education, and others.In particular, acronyms for institutions such as banks (e.g., BRI, BCA), political parties (e.g., PPP, PAN), and educational entities (e.g., SD, SMP) consistently follow this phonemic pattern.While these acronyms vary in length, they exhibit a systematic and recognisable structure, underscoring a cultural or organisational convention in Indonesian nomenclature.This standard practice not only facilitates comprehension and recall, but also demonstrates a deliberate and widely adopted strategy for creating acronyms across different sectors of Indonesian society

The Retention of Syllables + Letters
The Retention of Syllables + Letters is an acronym-formation technique employed in the context of Indonesian terms.This process involves selecting the syllables and individual letters are retained from the words that make up the provided terms.Persatuan Sepak Bola Indonesia Solo The the retention of syllables + letters PERS Table 2 provides an example of how syllables and letters are retained to create acronyms in Indonesian.In this process, certain syllables and letters of the constituent words in the given expression are retained to produce an acronym.For example, the acronym "PERSIB" is created by retaining the syllables and letters of the term "Persatuan Sepak Bola Indonesia Bandung", such as "PER" from "Persatuan", "S" from "Sepak Bola", "I" from "Indonesia" and "B" from "Bandung".Using this technique instead of only keeping the first few letters or sounds can result in acronyms that are more recognisable and memorable.

The Retention of Syllables and Syllables
This technique appears to include preserving some syllables from the words that make up a given term in order to form an acronym.For instance, the acronym "AREMA" was created by using the "Syllable and Syllable Retention" technique in the term "Arek Malang".In more detail, this procedure not only selects and retains certain letters of the constituent words, but also syllables.In this case, the letter "A" and the syllable "RE" are retained, and the acronym also includes the complete syllable "MA" from the word "Malang".The retention of initial phoneme & letter PPn Table 3 provides an example of how initial phonemes and letters are retained to produce acronyms in Indonesian.In one of the examples, "Pajak Penghasilan" the acronym "PPh" is created by keeping the first phoneme "P" from both "Pajak" and "Penghasilan" along with the retention of the letter "h".This acronym formation is distinctive because it places a strong emphasis on keeping particular phonetic and alphabetical components, which adds to the uniqueness of acronym creation in the context of Indonesia.

The retention of initial phoneme and letter
The category of news articles that were analysed includes technology, automotive industry, business economy, national news, sports, football, lifestyle, and travel.Through using AntConc software, the researcher conducted an analysis to identify RAS instances and examine their frequency and context within the corpus.The section provides result and discussion of the research which elaborate the extent and implications of RAS in Indonesian news articles.

The Occurences of Redundant Acronym Syndrom
After conducting RAS data Analysis on the Indonesian news corpus, there are a total of 40 acronyms with 5730 occurrences found in this study.Nonetheless, those data only come from the field related to business and economy, national news, and football.This decision was made because due to the corpus from other categories, including technology, automotive industry, lifestyle, and trave did not contain redundant acronyms.
Figure 3.The Occurrence Frequency of RAS in Indonesian News Corpus Based on the data provided in Figure 3. concerning the frequency of occurrence of RAS in the Indonesian News Corpus, it can be observed there are some particular interesting trends.The data mainly consists of acronyms related to a variety of subjects such as football clubs, banks, political parties, educational institutions, government-related terms, and common used phrases.
In terms of football clubs, the acronyms of Persib Bandung, Persija Jakarta, PSM Makassar, and Persipura Jayapura stand out with relatively high occurrence.This demonstrates that these football clubs are frequently mentioned in news articles in Indonesia.The existence of RAS also were found on several Bank acronyms, including Bank BJP, Bank BRI, Bank BTN, Bank BNI, Bank BCA, and Bank BTPN, indicating the frequent coverage of banking-related issues in Indonesian news articles.In another case, the data also features acronyms related to government-related terms such as surat STNK, which refers to a vehicle registration number, and Pegawai PNS which represents civil servants.These acronyms signify that RAS can also appear in the field of bureaucracy and administration.Finally, some commonly used acronyms can also produce RAS for the inclusion of acronyms such as Mesin ATM (Automated Teller Machine), Nomor PIN (Personal Identification Number), Virus HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), and other acronyms.
To represent RAS occurrences visually, a wordcloud generator was employed.It takes text data related to RAS occurrences and generates a visual presentation in which the size of each word corresponds to its frequency and prominence in the occurrence.By using the wordcloud generator, it becomes easier to identify the most significant and frequently mentioned terms in RAS occurrences.shows the presence and frequency of the Redundant Acronym Syndrome (RAS) in Indonesian news corpus.The size of each word is proportional to its frequency or occurrence in the corpus.Besides, the colours used in the wordcloud visualisation are assigned based on the frequency of occurrence of RAS in the Indonesian news corpus.Purple: acronyms with a frequency of occurrence of more than 200 occurrences, such as Persib Bandung, Persija Jakarta, Persipura Jayapura, Persebaya Surabaya Bank BJB, PSM Makassar, and Bank BRI.Blue the acronyms with a frequency of occurrence of greater than 50 occurrences, such as Persita Tangerang, ATM Machine, PSS Sleman, Persis Solo, Bank BTN, Bank BNI, and Bank BCA.Green: acronyms with a frequency occurrence greater than 10 occurrences, such as Sekolah SD, Sekolah SMA,Virus HIV, Persik Kediri, Usaha UMKM, Arema Malang, Partai PDIP, Perusahaan PLN.Yellow: acronyms with a frequency occurrence greater than 5 occurrences such as Pajak PPn, Bank BTPN, Partai PPP, Kredit KUR, Partai PAN; and Orange: acronyms with a frequency less than 5 occurrences of Pajak PPh, Pajak PKB, Kartu KTP, Surat STNK, Partai PKPI, Pegawai PNS, and Kartu KIS.

Redundant Acronym Syndrome in Indonesia
The data analysis covered a diverse range of RAS fields, including football clubs, banks, political parties, educational institutions, government-related terms, and commonly used phrases.

Redundant Acronym Syndrome in Bank Names
In this research, the prevalence and redundant use of acronyms in bank names were also investigated.By analyzing a corpus of Indonesian news articles, we aim to shed light on the phenomenon of RAS specifically in the banking industry.In this research, there are six cases of RAS in bank names.

BTPN Bank Tabungan Pensiunan Nasional
Table 4 highlights the frequency with which these redundant acronyms are commonly encountered, emphasised the presence of Redundant Acronym Syndrome in these bank names.The number of occurrences of RAS in the banks' names varies among the identified acronyms.Bank BJP has the highest frequency of occurrence with 243 occurrences, followed by Bank BRI with 229 occurrences.Bank BTPN has the lowest frequency of occurrence with only 5 occurrences.The occurrences of RAS in the bank names were clearly illustrated through the following representative examples.

1) Sementara total cabang yang melakukan kegiatan penjualan efek Reksa Dana
Bank BJB mencapai 53 cabang.(Meanwhile, the total number of branches that sell Bank BJB Mutual Fund securities is 53) Based on the text excerpts (1) provided "Bank BJB in the sentence are examples of RAS occurrences.In writing Bank BJB, it is unnecessary to include the word "bank" at the beginning since the full names of these institutions already begin with the word "Bank."The inclusion of the word "bank" in the acronym is redundant and can be omitted without affecting the clarity or understanding of the names.Therefore, it is more concise and efficient to write BJP when referring to these banks, as the term "bank" is already embedded in the acronym itself.

Redundant Acronym Syndrome in Political Party Names
Redundant Acronym Syndrome also exists in the names of political parties in Indonesia.Some political party names in Indonesia show RAS by involving a redundant word in their acronyms.This phenomenon is apparent when several political party names in Indonesia are using redundant words in their acronyms.Partai PKPI PKPI Partai Keadilan dan Persatuan Indonesia 3 Table 5 shows that the Redundant Acronym Syndrome in the names of political parties in Indonesia demonstrates some variations.Across the listed parties, PDIP has the highest occurrence of RAS with 14 occurrences, followed by PAN with 11 occurrences and PPP with 10 occurrences.While PKS, PKPI, and PKB have less than 10 occurrences each.This research findings highlighted the presence of RAS also frequently appearing in political party names.The occurrence of Redundant Acronym Syndrome in the party names is clearly evidenced by the following examples.
2) Politisi Partai PDI Perjuangan tersebut menjamin revisi UU KPK tidak akan menguntungkan para koruptor.(The politician from the PDI Perjuangan guarantees that the revision of the KPK Law will not benefit corruptors.) Based on the given text excerpts (2), it is unnecessary to use the word "partai" (party) at the beginning of Partai PDI Perjuangan, because their acronyms already contain the word "partai."It would be clearer to write "PDI Perjuangan instead of using the word "partai" twice.This will eliminate redundancy and promote more effective communication when discussing political entities.

The Redundant Acronym Syndrome (RAS) in Football Club
Names.Like other entities, football clubs occasionally use acronyms in their names for various reasons, such as conciseness, branding, or ease of recognition.In certain cases, however, the acronym may include redundant elements, such as duplicating part of the club's location or other descriptive elements already present in the full name.6 listed the information about RAS occurrences frequency among the football club names.The most frequent acronym is "PERSIB" for "Persib Bandung" which represents a football club from Bandung.In contrast, the least frequent acronym is "PERSIK" for "PERSIK Kediri" which represents a football club from Kediri.The frequency of acronyms provides insight into the highest occurrence of RAS associated with football club names in the context of the dataset.The following sentences are the excerpts text containing the use of RAS in the news article.
(Arema Cronus were spared by Persib Bandung and also Persebaya United.) 4) Tak hanya berperan sebagai pelengkap saja, eks penggawa Arema Malang ini menjadi andalan Arema di lini belakang.(Not only plays a complementary role.The former Arema Malang player became Arema's mainstay at the back.) In the excerpt (3) and ( 4), the names of the locations (Bandung and Malang) could be perceived as redundant if used in combination with the acronyms.By using the acronym alone, information about the location is already conveyed, making the inclusion of the city name unnecessary and potentially redundant.Using acronyms instead of repeating place names could enhance communication's clarity and conciseness.

Redundant Acronym Syndrome in Educational Institutions
Educational institutions are similarly affected by the redundant acronym syndrome, or RAS.RAS phenomenon in which redundant pieces from an institution's full name or description are added to create acronyms.Table 7 presented the existence of RAS in educational highlights the need for careful consideration when labelling educational institutions to ensure clear understanding.Although acronyms can provide brevity and convenience, the presence of redundant elements in educational institution acronyms leads to questions about their necessity and effectiveness.The following sentences are text excerpts that include the use of RAS in news articles.5) Toyota Avanza menggelar kegiatan bakti sosial yang mengambil lokasi di sekolah SD Anamiroh Panam, Pekanbaru pada hari Rabu, 23 September 2015 lalu.
(Toyota Avanza held a social service activity that took place at SD Anamiroh Panam, Pekanbaru on Wednesday 23 September 2015.)In the excerpt (5), the use of the word "school" before the acronyms SD can be regarded as redundant because the acronyms already imply that they refer to schools.Instead, it would be more concise and efficient to just use the acronyms without repeating the word "school".By omitting the redundant term "school," the sentence becomes streamlined and concise, conveying the necessary information without unnecessary repetition.

Redundant Acronym Syndrome in Government-related Terms
Redundant Acronym Syndrome is also present in government-related terms, where the acronym is used by adding redundant words that are already represented in the acronym itself.This phenomenon occurs when the full name of a government-related term is used along with its acronym in the same context, leading to unnecessary repetition and redundancy.8 highlighted that RAS is also present in government-related terms, although the frequency of occurrence is relatively low.The listed examples show cases where acronyms are used alongside the full term, resulting in redundancy in communication.The following sentences are text excerpts that include the use of RAS in news articles.6) Sedangkan terkait teknis, di kartu KTP anak akan tertera nama, alamat, nama orang tua.(As for the technicalities, the child's ID card will have their name, address, and parents' names.) Looking at the excerpt (6) it appears that there is no need to include the words " pegawai", "usaha," and "kartu" at the beginning of the acronym as they are already represented in the acronym itself.

Redundant Acronym Syndrome in Commonly used Phrases
Redundant Acronym Syndrome is also present in commonly used phrases, where the acronym is used to include words that are already present in the acronym itself.This redundancy occurs when a full phrase is used alongside its acronym, which leads to duplication of information.Based on the excerpt (7), the repetition comes from using the English acronym "ATM" and the Indonesian term "Mesin" in the same phrase.Since "ATM" is already widely understood and recognised, it is unnecessary to include the term "Machine" in the acronym.Similarly, the phrase in excerpt (8s) "Nomor PIN" (PIN number), the redundancy results from combining the acronym "PIN" and the Indonesian word "Nomor" (number).There is no need to incorporate the phrase "Nomor" in the acronym because "PIN" is well-known and understood.Thus, the use of "Mesin ATM" and "Nomor PIN" can be considered as an example of RAS.

Discussion
One interesting characteristic of linguistic and communication practices in the area is the use of RAS in the Indonesian language.Due to the abundance of acronyms and abbreviations in Indonesian, RAS is a common occurrence (Thaba), which can make it difficult to communicate.While acronyms are widely used in Indonesia to increase efficiency and brevity (Claria et al.; Kusumaningsih et al.), they also raise concerns about the possibility of a trade-off between readability and conciseness.The unusual language use pattern that results from the combination of RAS's prevalence and the particular linguistic and cultural idiosyncrasies of Indonesian deserves investigation.
Relying on how they are used, acronym formation techniques such as beginning phoneme retention, retention of syllables + letters, retention of syllables and syllables, and retention of initial phoneme and letter, have different effects on RAS.While these formations aim to create concise and memorable acronyms, these techniques can inadvertently contribute to RAS if not used carefully.Retention of initial phonemes can improve clarity, but there is a risk of redundancy.Combining syllables and letters adds complexity, potentially resulting in longer acronyms.Explicitly retaining syllables and letters can increase the risk of RAS by creating longer and more complex acronyms.Combinations of phonemes and initial letters can be effective, but careful consideration is needed to avoid unnecessary redundancy.For all cases, striking a balance between brevity and clarity is essential to ensure that acronyms effectively convey information without compromising readability.
After uncovering the research results, it is crucial to discuss the impact of Redundant Acronym Syndrome.Its use in news articles can have both negative and positive impacts.It can negatively impact readability by making repetition and potentially confusing the reader.On the other hand, RAS can also improve clarity by emphasising certain aspects or reinforcing associations in acronyms, so that readers can instantly recognise and understand.

RAS and the Readability of Indonesian News Articles
Indonesian news articles frequently use acronyms to abbreviate long and complicated terms or names (Delfia).However, the overuse of acronyms can potentially make the text unclear and unreadable.It is in line with (Narod et al.) which asserted that the overuse of acronyms can make unreadable and unpleasant to read.Acronyms frequently obstruct rather than help readability (Narod et al.) although the sentence is shorter, it is not always more concise.When acronyms contain redundant elements, they can lead to confusion or require the reader to mentally decipher them to understand their full meaning (Barnett and Doubleday).Furthermore, the overuse or incorrect use of acronyms may lead to confusion and disrupt comprehension, especially for readers who are less familiar with the particular subject or its associated language (Narod et al.).It is in line with the findings which stated that the readers have trouble in understanding the unknown acronyms on their own.Thaba also reported that this RAS will eventually become the toughest challenge for the development of Indonesian itself, especially in maintaining the authenticity of its rules.Hence, it is crucial for news writers to be aware of Redundant Acronym Syndrome when composing news articles.By acknowledging the potential negative impact of redundant acronyms on readability and clarity, writers can make a conscious decision to avoid excessive repetition and ensure that the text remains concise and easily understood by readers.Such awareness can contribute to more effective and engaging news communication, improving the overall quality and comprehension of the article.

The Role of Redundant Acronyms in Occasionally Enhancing Clarity
Besides the readability, the overuse of acronyms also can effect the clarity (Kressel; Barnett and Doubleday).However, based on the finding of this research, the overuse of acronyms can occasionally add clarity to the information being conveyed.Including redundant elements in an acronym such as "Persib Bandung" (Persatuan Sepak Bola Indonesia Bandung) can help to emphasise or reinforce the specific location or identify that is associated with the acronym.In the case of "Persib Bandung", the inclusion of "Bandung" in the acronym is explicitly highlighting that the football club is based in the city of Bandung, which differentiates it from other football clubs with the same name.This can be especially useful when there are multiple teams with similar names in different locations.By inserting a redundant element, readers who may not be familiar with the acronym or its context can quickly understand the football club's geographical association.This removes any potential ambiguity and provides immediate clarity as to the team's origin.
It is worth noting that while RAS can occasionally improve the clarity, it is very important to maintain a balance between redundancy and conciseness in writing (Barnett and Doubleday).Writers should consider the specific context and the reader's level of familiarity with the acronyms used.Redundant acronyms should be used judiciously to avoid unnecessary repetition and ensure that the overall readability of the news article is not compromised.In written language, particularly, eliminating or minimising the occurrence of RAS can contribute to more concise and effective writing, improving overall readability and comprehension.
It is crucial to recognise the scope constraint of this research study because it concentrated on a particular group of news media.Future research should take a larger variety of news sources and discourse groups into account in order to acquire a more thorough grasp of the RAS.Additionally, linguistics researchers can enlarge the sociolinguistic aspects of RAS.It may gain insight into how various acronyms spread throughout and are employed in particular discourse communities.Through research into the social aspects, cultural influences, and language customs of these societies.

Conclusion
The exploration of RAS in news articles in Indonesia has revealed its prevalence in various fields, including football clubs, banks, political parties, educational institutions, government-related terms, and commonly used phrases.Analyzing the occurrence of RAS in news media has provided valuable insights into the frequency and instances of this linguistic phenomenon.The overuse of RAS in news articles could have both negative and positive impacts.
On the one hand, it can negatively impact readability by introducing repetition and potentially confusing the reader.The findings of the study highlight the possible impact of RAS on the readability and clarity of news stories.A large number of acronyms with redundant characteristics can have a negative effect on the overall flow and comprehension of the text.The use of frequently mentioned acronyms can lead to confusion and hinder with the reader's ability to follow the information smoothly.This emphasises the significance of avoiding unnecessary repetition and keeping short in order to communicate effectively with the readers.
On the other hand, RAS can also enhance clarity by emphasising certain aspects or reinforcing associations in acronyms, making them instantly recognisable and understandable to readers.When a redundant element is added in the acronym, the link between the abbreviation and the whole phrase it represents is strengthened.This reinforcement assists readers in rapidly comprehending the acronym's intended meaning without the need for further explanation.This is especially useful for readers who are already familiar with the subject matter or the associated language, since it allows them to quickly grasp the article's context and message.
Furthermore, further research into RAS in a broader context is also needed, as demonstrated by the findings of this study.The study was limited in that it focused solely on the linguistic features of RAS and did not look into user views or the effect of acronyms on audience communication.To gain a deeper knowledge of the longer-term effects of acronyms on communication dynamics, future research initiatives might investigate the mentioned areas.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The Data Collection Display in AntConc Software

Figure 4 .
Figure 4.The Wordcloud Visualisation of Redundant Acronym Syndrome (RAS) in Indonesian News Corpus

Table 2 .
Formation Indonesian Acronyms through the retention of syllables +

Table 4 .
Redundant Acronym Syndrome in Bank names

Table 5 .
The Redundant Acronym Syndrome (RAS) in political party names.

Table 6 .
Redundant Acronym Syndrome in political party names.

Table 7 .
The Redundant Acronym Syndrome (RAS) in Educational Institutions

Table 8 .
Redundant Acronym Syndrome in government-related terms

Table 9 .
Redundant Acronym Syndrome in in Commonly used Phrases.provides the information about RAS in in commonly used phrases.It highlighted that the occurrences frequency also relatively high which indicate these RAS frequently used.The examples of RAS usage related to commonly used phrases are in the following text excerpts: 7) Haji dan Umrah untuk menarik uang menggunakan kartu debit di mesin ATM