AL-ITQAN: JOURNAL OF ISLAMIC SCIENCES AND COMPARATIVE STUDIES

منهج الإمام الطبري في دراسة الأديان من خلال كتابه تاريخ الرسل والملوك

(Muhammadrifa-I Baraheng) محمد رفاعي براهينج — 2025-10-31

يتناول هذا البحث دراسة منهج الإمام محمد بن جرير الطبري في دراسة الأديان من خلال كتابه تاريخ الرسل والملوك، الذي يُعَد من أهم المراجع في دراسة تاريخ الإسلام والأمم السابقة قبل بعثة نبينا محمد ﷺ. وقد ركز البحث على دراسة تحليلية لمصادر الإمام الطبري ومنهجه في عرض العقائد والأديان، مع تحليل وتقييم لموقفه من الديانات الأخرى، كاليهودية والنصرانية والوثنية. واستعمل هذا البحث المنهج الاستقرائي، والمنهج التحليلي، والمنهج النقدي. ويُظهر هذا البحث جهود الإمام الطبري في دراسة الأديان بأسلوب تاريخي، من خلال منهجه النقلي الحيادي، إذ اعتمد على المصادر المختلفة، سواء من القرآن والسنة، أو من الروايات غير الإسلامية والقصص المشهورة، حتى وإن لم تكن موثوقة، إذ نقلها دون أن يُعلق برأيه أو يُصدر حكمًا صريحًا، كما ترك للقارئ حرية التأمل والحكم على هذه الروايات، ومع ذلك، كان أحيانًا يقارن بين الروايات المختلفة، أو يوردها بصيغة تمريض، أو يختار منها ما يوافق التعاليم الإسلامية، ورغم ذلك، قد يبدو كأنه نقد للأديان الأخرى، إلا أن هدفه كان التحذير والنقد الضمني، مما يعكس عدله وتوازنه بين نقل الروايات التاريخية ودراسة الأديان، ويبرز موقفه في تأكيد صحة الإسلام مقارنة بالديانات الأخرى. وقد توصل هذا البحث إلى عدة نتائج، من أهمها: التأكيد على أن كتاب تاريخ الرسل والملوك ليس مجرد كتاب في التاريخ، بل يُعَد من أهم المصادر في دراسة الأديان، حيث يقدم تمهيدًا مهمًا لدراسة مقارنة الأديان من الروايات المختلفة، ويُعد الإمام الطبري نموذجًا بارزًا في دراسة الأديان، من خلال منهجه النقلي الحيادي وأسلوبه التاريخي الدقيق.

This research explores the methodology of Imām Muḥammad ibn Jarīr aṭ-Ṭabarī in the study of religions through his book Tārīkh al-Rusul wa al-Mulūk (The History of Prophets and Kings), which is considered one of the most important references in Islamic historiography and the previous nations preceding the Mission of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. The research focuses on an analytical investigation of aṭ-Ṭabarī’s sources and his method in presenting doctrines and religions, as well as an assessment of his stance toward other religions such as Judaism, Christianity, and paganism. This research employed the inductive method, the analytical method, and the critical method. This study shows Imām aṭ-Ṭabarī’s efforts in the study of religions through a historical approach, based on his objective and impartial method of transmission. He relied on various sources, including al-Qur’ān and as-Sunnah, as well from non-Islamic accounts or popular stories, even if they were unreliable. He reported such accounts without adding personal opinions or making explicit judgments, leaving the reader the freedom to reflect and evaluate them. At time, however, he compared different accounts, present them in a cautious manner, or selected those that aligned with Islamic teaching. Although his approach might occasionally appear as criticism of other religions, his intention was primarily caution and implicit, reflecting his fairness and balance in transmitting historical reports and studying religions. This also underscores his position in affirming the truth in comparison with other religions. This research has reached several findings, the most important of which is the book Tārīkh al-Rusul wa al-Mulūk is not just a history book but also one of the key sources in the study of religions. It provides an essential introduction to comparative religious studies through narrative reports. Hence, Imām aṭ-Ṭabarī stands as an exemplary model in the study of religions, due to his objective transmission-based methodology and precise historical approach.

القرآن الكريم وتأثيره النّفسي على المتلقّي (دراسة تحليليّة)

(Hachour Idir) حاشور إدير — 2025-10-31

يهدف هذا المقال إلى اظهار أهميّة التّأثير النّفسي للقرآن الكريم على المتلقّي، سواء كان مسلماً أم لا، ويُعتبر القرآن الكريم كلام الله المعجز ببلاغته، فلو اجتمعت الجن والإنس على أن يأتوا بمثله، ما استطاعوا إلى ذلك سبيلاً، فهو المعجزة الخالدة، نزل في زمن تفوّق فيه الشّعر الجاهلي، وكانت العرب في الجاهلية تتأثر بالشّعر أيما تأثّر، وإذا كانت بلاغة الشّعر تؤثّر بشدّة على نفسيّة المتلقّي، فتأثير القرآن الكريم أشّد من ذلك بكثير بإعجازه البلاغي، والنّفسي، وقد أشار علماء مثل الإمام أبو سليمان الخطابي في كتاب: "بيان إعجاز القرآن"، والرّماني في كتاب: "النكت في إعجاز القرآن"، وعبد القاهر الجرجاني في كتاب: "الرّسالة الشّافية في الإعجاز"؛ إلى بلاغة القرآن الكريم وتأثيرها العميق على المتلقّي، وقد توصّل هذا البحث بإتّباع المنهج الوصفي التّحليلي إلى استخراج الشّواهد من كتب العلماء السّابق ذكرهم لبيان مدى تأثير القرآن الكريم على نفسّية المتلقّي، وأنّ تأثير القرآن الكريم على المؤمنين يختلف عن تـأثيره على غيرهم، ومن المهمّ جدا الاستماع للقرآن الكريم في العصر الحاضر الذّي انتشرت فيه الأمراض النّفسيّة بشكل كبير، فما أحوج النّاس حاليا إلى الاستشفاء بالقرآن الكريم والتّأثر به والاستفادة منه.

This article aims to show the importance of the psychological impact of the Noble Qur’ān on the recipient, whether he is a Muslim or not. The Noble Qur’ān is considered the miraculous word of Allah (ﷻ) in its eloquence. If the jinn and mankind were to come together to produce something like it, they would never be able to do so. It is the everlasting miracle. It was revealed at a time when pre-Islamic poetry was superior. The Arabs in the pre-Islamic era were greatly influenced by poetry. If the eloquence of poetry strongly affects the recipient’s psychology, the impact of the Holy Qur’ān is much more powerful than that due to its rhetorical and psychological miracle. Scholars such as Imām Abū Sulaymān al-Khaṭṭābī in his book Bayān Iʻjāz al-Qur’ān, al-Rummānī in his book Al-Nukat fī Iʻjāz al-Qur’ān, and ʻAbd al-Qāhir al-Jurjānī in his book al-Risālah al-Shāfiyyah fi al-Iʻjāz have pointed to the eloquence of the Noble Qur’ān and its profound impact on the recipient. This study, using the descriptive-analytical method, has extracted evidence from the works of the aforementioned scholars to demonstrate the extent of al-Qur’ān’s impact on the listener’s psyche. It shows that the effect of the Noble Qur’ān on believers differs from its effect on others. Moreover, it emphasizes the great importance of listening to al-Qur’ān in the present age, in which psychological illnesses have become widespread. People today are in great need of seeking healing, inspiration, and benefit through al-Qur’ān.

أثر الإخلال بضمان سلامة المبيع: مقاربة مقاصدية بين الفقه الإسلامي والقانون البنغلاديشي

(Zobair Sultan) زُبير سُلطان — 2025-10-31

يتناول هذا البحث الموسوم بأثر الإخلال بضمان سلامة المبيع: مقاربة مقاصدية بين الفقه الإسلامي والقانون البنغلاديشي، قضية جوهرية في حماية المستهلك وتحقيق العدالة العقدية. يُعد ضمان سلامة المبيع من العيوب ركيزة أساسية في المعاملات التجارية، لما فيه من صيانة للحقوق وحفظ للنفس والمال، وردع للغش والتدليس. اعتمد البحث على مقارنة منهجية دقيقة بين الفقه الإسلامي بأحكامه ومقاصده الكلية، والتشريعات البنغلاديشية الحديثة، ولا سيما قوانين حماية المستهلك لعام 2009، وقانون المبيعات للبضائع لعام 1930، وقانون العقود لعام 1872. أظهرت الدراسة وحدة الهدف بين الفقه والقانون في حماية المشتري، مع اختلاف في الوسائل؛ فالفقه يقوم على قواعد الشرع الكبرى مثل الضرر والغرر وخيار العيب، بينما يركز القانون البنغلاديشي على آليات مؤسسية ورقابية لضمان التنفيذ والردع. كما تبين توسع مفهوم العيب في القانون البنغلاديشي ليشمل المخاطر الصحية والبيئية، بما يتوافق مع مقاصد الشريعة في حفظ النفس والمال والبيئة. ويخلص البحث إلى ضرورة اعتماد تشريع مقاصدي متكامل، يدمج البعد الأخلاقي الشرعي مع الضمانات الوضعية، بما يحقق حماية متوازنة للمستهلك، ويعزز بيئة تجارية عادلة وشفافة ومستدامة.

This study, entitled “The Impact of Breaching the Guarantee of Product Safety: A Maqāṣid-Based Approach between Islamic Jurisprudence and Bangladeshi Law,” addresses a critical issue in consumer protection and contractual justice. Ensuring goods are free from defects is fundamental in commercial transactions, safeguarding rights, property, and life, while deterring fraud. The research adopts a comparative approach between Islamic jurisprudence, with its core rulings and Maqasid objectives, and Bangladeshi legislation, notably the Consumer Rights Protection Act 2009, the Sale of Goods Act 1930, and the Contract Act 1872. It highlights convergences in protecting the buyer: Islamic law emphasizes principles such as harm (Darār), uncertainty (Gharār), and buyer’s options (Khiyār al-‘Ayb), while Bangladeshi law focuses on procedural enforcement and deterrence. Defects under Bangladeshi law include health and environmental risks, reflecting Shariah objectives. The study recommends adopting integrated Maqāṣid-based legislation combining ethical and Sharīʻah-inspired dimensions with statutory safeguards to ensure balanced consumer protection, justice, and a sustainable commercial environment.

المفاهيم القرآنية للتكافل الاجتماعي وتطبيقاتها في المجتمع الأفغاني: دراسة تحليلية مقارنة

(Rahmatullah Azimi) رحمت الله عظيمي — 2025-10-31

يُعَدّ التكافل الاجتماعي من أبرز القيم القرآنية التي أسهمت في بناء مجتمعٍ متماسكٍ يقوم على العدل والرحمة والتوازن. وقد أولى القرآن الكريم اهتمامًا بالغًا بتنظيم العلاقات الاجتماعية بما يضمن حماية الفئات الضعيفة وتحقيق التعاون بين مختلف أفراد المجتمع. ويكتسب هذا المقال أهميته في السياق الأفغاني المعاصر، حيث يواجه المجتمع تحديات متشابكة ناجمة عن عقودٍ من الحروب والاضطرابات السياسية والضائقات الاقتصادية، مما يجعل استلهام مفهوم التكافل الاجتماعي في ضوء القرآن الكريم ضرورة لإعادة بناء النسيج الاجتماعي وتحقيق الاستقرار المستدام. ويهدف المقال إلى تحليل التصور القرآني للتكافل الاجتماعي، وبيان مدى فاعلية تطبيقاته في المجتمع الأفغاني، مع تقديم رؤية نقدية مقارنة تسعى إلى ردم الفجوة بين المبادئ القرآنية والواقع الاجتماعي المعاش. وقد اعتمد على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي من خلال تحليل النصوص القرآنية ذات الصلة، إضافةً إلى المنهج المقارن بين النموذج القرآني والممارسات الاجتماعية الراهنة في أفغانستان. وتشير النتائج إلى أن النظام القرآني للتكافل الاجتماعي يقوم على أسس الإيمان والرحمة والمسؤولية المشتركة، غير أن تطبيق هذه المبادئ في الواقع الأفغاني ما زال محدودًا بسبب العوائق البنيوية والثقافية والاقتصادية. وتختتم المقالة بتوصيات عملية تهدف إلى تفعيل قيم التكافل القرآني عبر مبادرات تربوية ومؤسسية ومجتمعية تُسهم في تحقيق التماسك الاجتماعي والتنمية المستدامة في أفغانستان المعاصرة.

Social solidarity represents one of the most significant Qur’ānic values that contributed to the formation of a cohesive and balanced society founded on justice and compassion. Al-Qur’ān attaches special importance to regulating social relations in a manner that ensures the protection of vulnerable groups and promotes cooperation among all members of society. This study gains particular importance in the Afghan context, where society faces intertwined challenges resulting from decades of war, political instability, and economic hardship. Therefore, reviving the Qur’ānic concept of social solidarity becomes essential for rebuilding social cohesion and achieving sustainable stability. This research aims to analyze the Qur’ānic conception of social solidarity and to assess the effectiveness of its implementation within Afghan society. It also seeks to present a critical comparative perspective that bridges the gap between Qur’ānic principles and contemporary social realities. The study employs both the descriptive-analytical method—through examining the relevant Qur’ānic texts—and the comparative method to explore differences between the Qur’ānic model and current social practices in Afghanistan. The findings reveal that the Qur’ānic model of social solidarity is founded upon faith, mercy, and shared responsibility. However, its application in Afghan society remains limited due to structural, cultural, and economic barriers. The research concludes by proposing practical recommendations aimed at promoting Qur’ānic values of solidarity through educational, institutional, and community-based initiatives to strengthen social cohesion and foster sustainable development in modern Afghanistan.

A Comparative Analysis of Research Definitions in Light of al-Qur’ān

Muhammad Sirajul Islam — 2025-10-31

This research explores the meanings and definitions of research, with a particular focus on evaluating scholars’ definitions within the context of al-Qur’ān. The primary objective is to establish a clear and comprehensive understanding of the fundamental concepts of research. The research employs two methodological approaches: the inductive approach for gathering and organizing various meanings and definitions of research, and the analytical approach for systematic analysis of these definitions. While no contradictions were found between the Qur’ānic motivation, aim, and objectives of the research and scholars’ definitions, it is evident that the ultimate Qur’ānic aim of the research has not been fully encompassed in existing definitions. Consequently, this research undertakes a redefinition of the definitions of basic and applied research.

Exploring Sweden's Muslim Minority: Past, Present, and Future

Fidaaldin al-Sayed Issa — 2025-10-31

This paper explores the historical evolution, contemporary challenges, and future potential solutions of the Muslim minority in Sweden. It aims to trace the Muslim presence from its origins in the late 19^th century, largely associated with economic migration, to the significant demographic transformations brought by the 20^th century waves of immigrants and refugees. Such developments shaped the cultural and religious fabric of Swedish society. Despite Sweden’s reputation for tolerance and equality, the Muslim minority continues to witness challenges in the form of discrimination, socioeconomic disparities, and obstacles to full social integration. Qualitative analysis methods are used in the entire study. This research paper identifies potential solutions, including enhanced cultural understanding, educational initiatives, and policies aimed at reducing disparities, which aim to facilitate the Muslim minority’s full participation in Swedish society. By delving into the historical context, current challenges, and prospects of the Muslim minority in Sweden, the findings contribute to the ongoing discourse on inclusive multiculturalism emphasizing the importance of acknowledging historical trajectories and addressing contemporary issues, there are opportunities for a harmonious and integrated future.

Happiness, Purpose, and Well-Being: A Comparative Analysis of Ikigai and al-Sa‘ādah

Nurul Salsabila Mohd Zaini — 2025-10-31

This paper presents a critical comparative analysis of the Japanese concept of Ikigai through the lens of the Islamic concept of al-Saʿādah (happiness), exploring how both frameworks address happiness, purpose, and personal well-being. Ikigai, influenced by Shintoism, Zen Buddhism, and Confucianism, focuses on aligning one’s passion, mission, vocation, and profession to create a balanced and meaningful life. However, its emphasis remains on worldly satisfaction and emotional well-being. In contrast, al-Saʿādah, rooted in al-Qur’ān, Sunnah, and the views of scholars such as al-Ghazālī, offers a more holistic approach, grounded in proximity to the Divine, spiritual purification, ethical living, divine knowledge (Maʿrifat Allāh), and preparation for eternal happiness in the hereafter. This study reveals that while both concepts guide individuals toward intentional living, Ikigai lacks metaphysical and eschatological dimensions. By evaluating Ikigai through the framework of al-Saʿādah, the research bridges cultural and religious understandings of well-being, offering practical insights for addressing modern existential concerns. It concludes that al-Saʿādah presents a spiritually complete and enduring vision of human flourishing that integrates both this life and the next.

Al-Istikhlāf Framework in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: Reclaiming the Human Identity and Responsibility in the Digital Era

Hidayah Wan Ismail — 2025-10-31

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as one of the most disruptive forces of the twenty-first century, reshaping cultures, economies, social relations, and even the definition of human intelligence, creativity, and knowledge. Beyond its technical and economic effects, AI raises profound questions about human identity, responsibility and purpose: if machines can imitate reasoning, generate knowledge, and even simulate empathy, what remains distinctive about the human being? This article aims to highlight the Qur’ānic perspective of the human being and intelligence as a response to the current discourse on AI and the human being. The Qur’ānic conception of the human being as ʿAbd [slave of Allah (ﷻ)] and Khalīfah (vicegerent on earth) provides a key to unlock the discourse on the matter at hand. The article employed library research and textual analysis. Drawing on Qur’ānic exegesis, classical Islamic scholarship, and contemporary AI ethics, it contrasted natural intelligence with machine computation and highlighted the unique moral, spiritual, and teleological dimensions of humanity that cannot be replicated by algorithms. The article then applied the al-Istikhlāf framework to assess AI’s impact on identity, psychology, social relations, labour, and spiritual life. It then outlined the normative guidance through Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah (higher objectives of the law). The article concluded that the human identity, grounded in the faculties of ʿAql (intellect), Qalb (heart), Rūḥ (soul), Nafs (self), and Fiṭrah (primordial disposition), offers a coherent ethical and ontological framework for engaging AI. The article concluded that Muslims must not remain passive consumers of technology but should actively shape responsible AI development and governance with humility, moral clarity, and divine purpose, ensuring that innovation serves human flourishing rather than eroding it.

The Influence of Ismail Raj al-Faruqi on the Foundational Concept of AbdulHamid AbuSulayman Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences (AHASKIRKHS), International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM)

Adibah Abdul Rahim — 2025-10-31

This paper explores the influence of Ismail Raji al-Faruqi, a renowned Islamic scholar on the foundational concept of the AbdulHamid AbuSulayman Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences (AHASKIRKHS), International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). Al-Faruqi’s pioneering ideas on the Islamization of knowledge and the integration of Revealed Knowledge with Human Sciences have profoundly shaped the intellectual framework and educational philosophy of the Kulliyyah. The study delves into how al-Faruqi’s principles were adapted and institutionalized within the Kulliyyah’s curriculum, promoting a holistic and interdisciplinary approach to education rooted in Islamic values. Descriptive and analytical methods are used in this research. By analyzing the alignment of al-Faruqi’s idea with the mission of AHASKIRKHS, this paper underscores his enduring impact on fostering a generation of scholars equipped to address contemporary issues through a balanced synthesis of tradition and modernity.

Abdurresid Ibrahim and Meiji Japan: A Muslim Intellectual’s Encounter with Non-Western Modernization

Esra Polat Onbasi — 2025-10-31

This study examines the concept of modernization through the perspective of Abdurreshid Ibrahim (1857–1944), a Tatar-Ottoman intellectual, as presented in his travelogue Alem-i Islam (The World of Islam) following his 1909 journey to Meiji Japan. The goal of this paper is to elucidate how Ibrahim framed Japan’s experience as a model of non-Western modernity that successfully synthesized technological advancement with the preservation of its cultural and moral identity. This research is very important because it provides a crucial non-Western viewpoint in the discourse on modernization theory, challenging the long-held Eurocentric narrative and demonstrating the historical existence of viable alternative paths to progress. The study focuses on analyzing Ibrahim’s portrayal of Japan's selective adaptation of Western techniques, exploring his use of Japan as a mirror to critique the stagnation within contemporary Muslim societies, and situating his ideas within the broader intellectual debates on multiple modernities. The methods used in this paper are a close textual analysis of Ibrahim’s primary work, Alem-i Islam, combined with a historical-contextual approach that links his reflections to wider theoretical discussions on modernization. Finally, the findings of this research demonstrate that Ibrahim perceived Meiji Japan as a powerful counter-argument to the idea that Westernization is synonymous with modernization. His writings reveal a vision of modernity based on strategic synthesis rather than wholesale imitation, thereby contributing significantly to both Islamic intellectual history and the global discourse on pluralistic modernities.