AL-ITQAN: JOURNAL OF ISLAMIC SCIENCES AND COMPARATIVE STUDIES

تجديد مفهوم الوحي عند شبستري: دراسة نقدية

يونس البقالي — 2025-04-30

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تفكيك قراءة محمد مجتهد شبستري لطبيعة الوحي وجوهره، وقد عمد الباحثان إلى تحليلها وتقييمها، فقد اعتبر شبستري أن تأثير الوحي في المتلقي، واكتناف النص القرآني على معانٍ متعددة، واستحالة فهمه وفق القواعد العرفية، وضرورة تأثر نفس الخطاب الوحياني على من نزل عليه الوحي شروطًا أساسيةً لفهم الوحي. وتعرض هذه المقالة نبذةً مختصرةً لسيرة شبستري وتحولاته الفكرية والسياسية، ومن ثَمَّ بيان مفهومه للوحي مقارنةً بما ذهب إليه السلف الصالح، كما تعرض أسس ومرتكزات فهم الوحي عند شبستري وموقفه من الاتجاهات الكلامية والفلسفية والصوفية حول نظرية الوحي الإلهي. وقد توصل البحث إلى عدة نتائج منها: أن قراءة شبستري ومنهجيته الغربية أوقعاه في القول بأن النص القرآني هو كلام نبينا محمد ﷺ وليس كلام الله سبحانه وتعالى، ونتج عنها اعتباره أن جميع معارف ومضامين القرآن الكريم لا تعدو كونها مجرد قراءة شخصية لنبينا محمد ﷺ، مما جعله يشكك في جميع الثوابت والأصول العقدية، وصيَّره إلى أن ينقدها ويدعو إلى مراجعتها. وقد خلص البحث إلى أن رفض هذه القراءة لمخالفتها للثوابت وأصول العقيدة المتسالم عليها.

The most important aspect of this study is the deconstruction of Muhammad Mujtahid Shabestari’s reading of the nature and essence of Revelation. The researchers analysed and evaluated it. Shabestari considered the impact of Revelation to be on the recipient, the multiple meanings of the Qur’ānic Text, the impossibility of its understanding according to customary rules, and the necessity of the same influence of the revelational discourse on the one to whom it was revealed as conditions for understanding Revelation. This article presents a brief overview of Shabestari’s biography, his intellectual and political transformations, and then explains his concept of Revelation in comparison with that of the righteous predecessors. It also presents the foundations and pillars of Shabestari’s understanding of Revelation and his position on the theological, philosophical, and Sufi trends regarding the theory of Divine Revelation. The research arrived at several conclusions, such as, Shabestari’s reading and his Western methodology led him to say, that the Qur’ānic Text is the speech of our Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H.) and not the Speech of Allah (S.W.T.), and it resulted in his considering that all the knowledge and contents of the Noble Qur’ān are nothing more than a personal reading of our Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H.), which made him doubt in all the constants and doctrinal principles, and led him to criticize them and call for their review. The research concluded that this reading was rejected because it contradicts the agreed-upon constants and doctrinal principles.

دور الفقه في تحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة (SDGs) المناهضة للتمييز العنصري

منذر محي الدين فضل المولى فضل السيد (Munzir Mohieldin Fadlelmula Fadlelseed) — 2025-04-30

ملخص البحث: يشمل الإطار الذي اعتمدته الدول الأعضاء في الأمم المتحدة في عام 2015 على سبعة عشر (17) هدفاً من أهداف التنمية المستدامة التي توفر مخططًا مشتركًا للسلام والازدهار وتحقيق مستقبل أفضل وأكثر استدامة للجميع. وتأتي هذه الأهداف مقابل أهم التحديات التي تواجهها البشرية، ومن ضمن هذه الأهداف أهدافاً مناهضة للتمييز العنصري. فجاء هذا البحث هادفاً إلى إبراز دور أحكام الفقه الإسلامي وأسبقيّته في تحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة (SDGs) المناهضة للتمييز العنصري، والوقوف على ما يخالف الشريعة الإسلامية من هذه الأهداف، ومعرفة الآثار المترتبة على ذلك، وإثبات صلاحية أحكام الفقه لتحقيق هذه الاستدامة وإن كان بعضها مخالفاً لبعض الجزئيات في هذه الأهداف. انتهج البحث المنهج الاستقرائي التحليلي، وذلك باستقراء أهداف التنمية المستدامة المناهضة للتمييز العنصري؛ ومن ثم استقراء نصوص الشريعة وتتبع أقوال الفقهاء الداخلة في إطار هذه الأهداف، ثم تحليلها تحليلا علمياً وترتيبها وعرضها عرضاً منطقياً وفق حدود الدراسة، وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى عدة نتائج، من أهمها: سبقُ أحكام الفقه الإسلامي إلى مناهضة التمييز العنصري والسعي للحد منه، وذلك من خلال المساواة بين الناس جميعاً في الحقوق والواجبات دون النظر إلى عرق أو لون أو جنس أو طبقة. كما أن بعض الجزئيات في أهداف التنمية المستدامة تخالف تعاليم الإسلام، وهي في حقيقتها ومآلاتها تقف عائقاً كبيراً وسدّاً منيعاً أمام تحقيق التنمية أولاً فضلاً عن تحقيق استمرارها واستدامتها، وتطبيق أحكام الشريعة الإسلامية في هذه الجزئيات هو ما تتحقق به التنمية المستدامة.

Abstract: The framework adopted by the United Nations member states in 2015 includes seventeen (17) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that provide a shared blueprint for peace, prosperity, and the realization of a better and more sustainable future for all. These goals address humanity’s most significant challenges, including combating racial discrimination. This research aims to highlight the role of Islamic jurisprudence and its precedence in achieving the SDGs related to combating racial discrimination, identify aspects of these goals that contradict Islamic law, understand the implications of such contradictions, and demonstrate the adequacy of Islamic jurisprudence in achieving sustainability, even if some aspects diverge from certain elements of these goals. The research adopts an inductive-analytical methodology by examining the SDGs related to combating racial discrimination, reviewing relevant Islamic texts and the opinions of scholars that align with these goals, analyzing them scientifically, and presenting them logically within the study's framework to derive the desired conclusions. Among the key findings: Islamic jurisprudence has long opposed racial discrimination and sought to reduce it by advocating for equality among all individuals in rights and obligations, regardless of race, color, gender, or social class. Additionally, some aspects of the SDGs conflict with Islamic teachings and, in essence and outcomes, pose significant obstacles to achieving and sustaining development. The application of Islamic law in these specific areas is what ensures continuous sustainability.

The Relevance of Civil Religion, Pancasila, and Civil Society in Indonesia: A Sociological Analysis of Robert N. Bellah’s Perspective

Mohammad Takdir — 2025-04-30

This paper examines Robert N. Bellah’s contribution from a sociological perspective to the notion of civil religion and its relevance to Pancasila and civil society in Indonesia. Its goal is to address the influence of civil religion on the development of Indonesian society and the contribution of civil religion, Pancasila, and civil society to the emergence of religious nationalism. A qualitative method is used to review existing literature on this subject, including documentation methodologies, and researchers compile data on the role of civil religion in the context of a nation-state such as Indonesia. The study’s conclusion includes several noteworthy findings. First, civil religion plays a crucial role in the formation of civil society, through which nationalist values can be created and conflicts based on religion and race can be prevented. Second, the relationship between Pancasila, civil society, and civil religion forms the state ideology of Indonesia on the foundational ideas of civil religion.

The Contemporary Ethical Challenges and Humanity

Mohd Mumtaz Ali — 2025-04-30

Currently, humanity is facing several ethical challenges due to a lack of proper understanding of ethical approaches. Generally, scholars and intellectuals have interpreted ethics in terms of the science of morality, which has defeated the true purpose of ethics. This paper, based on a qualitative method of content analysis, argues that ethics should be understood in its original sense as a branch of philosophy which connotes a rational search for understanding the truth and reality of anything in terms of good and bad implications. It is contended that due to the speculative and conjectural nature of philosophy, or pure rational and empirical approach is overlooked for the study of the needs of humanity. This paper explores and explains a few important ethical challenges that are related to humanity at large and disregard of national and racial demarcations. Finally, it concludes that humanity needs a new and fresh perspective on its problems from a pure ethical point of view. If an ethical approach to the study of the problem of humanity is adopted, most of the problems, such as the environmental crisis and the poverty crisis, can be solved.

The Role of Takaful Agents at the Takaful Operators from Shariah Perspective

Nan Noorhidayu Megat Laksana — 2025-04-30

A Takaful Agent is a community representative appointed by the takaful operator to promote takaful protection products and plans. Takaful agents are very important in promoting the concept of Hibah, where they typically go into the field to promote the products of their appointing party. Hence, this study aims to highlight the role and ethics of Takaful Agents according to the legislation and create awareness of customer trust in Takaful in Malaysia. This study adopted qualitative and quantitative methods to fulfill its objectives. For the former, the researchers interviewed a senior figure in the Malaysian Takaful Ikhlas sector. As for the latter, the researchers distributed online survey questionnaires to the Takaful customers, consisting of family members, close friends, schoolteachers, and public and private university graduates. The findings from this study showed that most of the respondents have an awareness of Takaful protection schemes, despite the different types of Takaful they have taken. To conclude this study, Takaful agents must maintain an attitude and have to comply with every ethics and code of conduct that has been set. Dealing with customers as their main task, Takaful agents need to instill confidence in the customer to take Takaful protection. Therefore, Muslim consumers need to choose trustworthy and responsible Takaful agents to protect their rights and benefits in the future.

Alasdair MacIntyre’s Exposition on Moral Relativism: An Analysis from an Islamic Perspective

Muna Sidqy Binti Mohd Sidqy — 2025-04-30

Moral relativism has seen a rise in popularity, especially during post-modern times. The heterogeneous nature of society due to various factors drives a compelling case for moral relativism to be studied from its historical context and theistic perspective. Therefore, this article aims to explore Alasdair MacIntyre’s thoughts on moral relativism, analyzing it from Islamic perspectives. The subject of this research will be investigated through library research, with a particular reference to the third edition of MacIntyre’s After Virtue. Selected journal articles written by MacIntyre and other scholars are used to supplement or reframe the arguments found in the book. This article specifically explores MacIntyre’s thoughts on subjective nature, lack of standards, individualistic tendencies of moral relativism, and his concept of telos. The Islamic perspective is extracted from various opinions of selected contemporary scholars. The analysis demonstrates that MacIntyre’s views are parallel with some ethical ideals held by the Islamic teachings, particularly in his concept of telos. Several aspects of his discourse can be more appreciated by refining it with the Islamic answers to the nature of morality. The concept of reality, the position of man, and the real nature of sources of ethics, as exposed by the Muslim thinkers, can be supplementary to the issues highlighted by MacIntyre in sidelining moral relativism as the answer to contemporary times.

Modernist Reinterpretations: Rethinking al-Qur’ān and as-Sunnah through the Eyes of M. Arkoun and al-Jabiri

Najiah Athirah Binti Jamaludin — 2025-04-30

This paper discusses the Arab modernists and their understanding of al-Qur’ān and as-Sunnah in the light of the thoughts of M. Arkoun and Al-Jabiri. The researchers seek to explore the narrative of M. Arkoun and al-Jabiri by focusing on their views of al-Qur’ān and as-Sunnah. This research is both theoretical and philosophical, and therefore, is qualitative and depends much on textual research. The resources include printed and online materials. To analyse the data, the researchers have adopted critical and analytical methods. The findings show that the Arab modernists like M. Arkoun and Al-Jabiri were among the Muslim intellectuals who were triggered and thus influenced by the crisis of European modernity that engulfed the Arab world. Unfortunately, in the modern period, these Arab modernists and other Muslim modernists have completely rejected classical methodologies, instead, they borrowed the Western methodologies to study al-Qur’ān and as-Sunnah, and even in validating aḥkām.

Exploring Minority Communities: A Study of Chinese and Siamese Temples in Pasir Mas, Kelantan

Zuriati Bintin Mohd Rashid — 2025-04-30

This study explores Taoist and Buddhist temples in Pasir Mas, Kelantan, focusing on how minority communities practice their faith and preserve cultural identities within a Muslim-majority society. It examines their harmonious coexistence with the Malay Muslim majority while maintaining religious traditions. The research investigates the history and development of these temples and their role in social, educational, and cultural life. Understanding these religious practices fosters tolerance and reduces prejudice in a multicultural society. A qualitative approach is adopted, incorporating fieldwork, interviews with twenty religious leaders, local authorities, and community members, alongside secondary sources. Findings reveal that the Chinese and Siamese communities enjoy religious freedom and contribute to mutual respect and peaceful coexistence. The study concludes that shared universal values between Islam, Taoism, and Buddhism, along with a supportive constitutional framework, play a critical role in fostering regional interreligious harmony. These insights offer valuable implications for promoting interfaith understanding and social cohesion in multicultural societies.