Associations Between Demographic Characteristics and Resilience Factors: A Self-Report Survey
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31436/ijcs.v1i1.41Keywords:
Community disaster resilience, demographic factors, cross-sectional surveyAbstract
Objective: In 2014, Malaysia suffered a severe flood disaster and many people lost their home and belongings. Despite regular flooding in this area, the status of community disaster resilience (CDR) is unknown. This paper thus aims to assess the association between demographic characteristics and community disaster resilience factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was completed using the Conjoint Community Resiliency Assessment Measure (CCRAM28) questionnaire six months after the flood event occurred. All selected respondents who met the inclusion criteria were recruited, and IBM SPSS software was used to undertake descriptive and inferential analysis. Results: A total of 386 respondents completed the questionnaires. Respondents were mostly female (57%); married (83.9%); with children under 17 years old (58.8%); from villages or rural area (97.2%); living in basic housing (95.6%); of average income; Muslim (97.5%); educated to primary or secondary level (81.1%); and not involved with any community organizations (95.1%), including volunteering, emergency teams, or military service. The mean age was 49 years, and length of time living in the area ranged from 1 to 85 years. CDR scores ranged between medium (2.34- 3.66) and high (3.67- 5.00). An analysis of the results showed that only gender (p = 0.003) and education (p = 0.001) were significantly related to CDR level. Positive and strong correlations were seen between resilience factors, however, particularly leadership (p = 0.001), collective efficacy (p = 0.001); preparedness (p = 0.001); place attachment (p = 0.001); and social trust (p = 0.001). Conclusion: The study provides a timely insight into the impact of demographic characteristics and resilience factors in Kelantan, developing the knowledge base needed to create comprehensive, improved community-relevant strategies for the future. This assessment enables top-down initiatives to better understand resilience levels, and this could act as tool to enable the government to prepare communities for future disasters or emergency events.
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25. Meyer MA. Social capital and collective effi-cacy for disaster resilience: Connecting indi-viduals with communities and vulnerability with resilience in hurricane-prone communi-ties in Florid, doctoral dissertation, Colarado State University, CO. 2013
26. Ali S. The Malays: Their Problems and Future, the Other Press, Kuala Lumpur. 2008
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28. Middleton KL, Willner J, Simmons KM. Natural disasters and posttraumatic stress disorder symptom complex: Evdience for the Oklaho-ma tornado outbreak, International Journal of Stress Management. 2002; 9: 229-236.
29. Baker EJ. Household preparedness for the aftermath of hurricans in Florida, Applied Geography. 2011; 31 (1): 46-52.
30. Cohen O, Leykin D, Lahad M, Goldberg A, Aharonson-Daniel. The conjoint community
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31. Murphy R. Leadership in disaster: Learning for a future with global climate change, McGill-Queen’s University Press, Montreal, QC. 2009
32. Wilson GA. Community resilience, globaliza-tion, and transitional pathways of decision-making. Geoforum. 2012; (6):1218-1231.
33. Castleden M, McKee M, Murray V, Leonardi G. Resilience thinking in health protection. Pub-lic Health.2011; 33(3): 369-377.
34. Saifulsyahira J, Edre MA, Juni /MH. Govern-ance of flood disaster management: Malaysi-an case study. International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences. 2016; 3(1): 17-30.
35. Stewart GT, Kolluru R, Smith M. Fostering recovery, sustainability, and growth leverag-ing public-private partnerships to improve community resilience in times of disaster. International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management. 2009; 39 (5): 343-364.
36. Gazley B. Beyond the contract: The scope and nature of informal government-nonprofit partnerships. Public Administration Review. 2008; 68(1): 141-154.
37. Hawdon J, Räsänen P, Oksanen A, Ryan J. Social solidarity and wellbeing after critical incidents: Three cases of mass shootings. Journal of Critical Incident Analysis. 2012; 3: 2-25.
38. Aldrich DP. Building Resilience: Social Capital in Post-Disaster Recovery, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. 2012
39. Cavallo A, Ireland V. Preparing for complex interdependent risks: A system of systems approach to building disaster resilience. In-ternational Journal of Disaster Risk Reduc-tion. 2014; 9: 181-193.
40. UNISDR. Hyogo framework for action: 2005-2015: Building the resilience of nations and communities to disaster 2015 [Internet]. [cited 2014 Sept 25]. Available from: http://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publications/103
41. Chang SE, McDaniels T, Fox J, Dhariwal R, Longstaff H. Toward disaster-resilient cities: characterizing resilience of infrastructure systems with expert judgments. Risk Analy-sis. 2014; 34(3): 416-434
42. Mishra S, Mazumdar S, Suar D. Place attach-ment and flood preparedness. Journal of En-vironmental Psychology. 2010; 30: 187–197.
2. Khalid MSB, Shafiai SB. Flood disaster man-agement in Malaysia: An evaluation of the effectiveness of the flood delivery system. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity. 2015; 5(4): 398.
3. United Nations (n.d.). Disaster risk and resil-ience [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2014 Sept 15]. Available from: http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/untaskteam_undf/thinkpieces/3_disaster_risk_resilience.pdf (accessed 16 February 2016).
4. SEPA. Flood Risk Management Planning in Scotland - Arrangements for 2012 [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Sept 23]. Available from : https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/42107/sepa-02-12-flood_risk_management_planning
5. Ching YC, Yatim B, Toriman ME. Impact of climate change on flood risk in the Muar Riv-er Basin of Malaysia. Disaster Advances Journal. 2013; 6 (10): 11-17.
6. UNISDR. UNISDR Terminology on disaster risk reduction Geneva, Switzerland: United Na-tions [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2014 Sept 15]. Available from: http://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/terminology
7. Norris FH, Stevens SP, Pfefferbaum B, Wyche KF, Pfefferbaum RL. Community re-silience as a metaphor, theory, set of capa-bilities, and strategy disaster readiness. American Journal of Community Psychology. 2008; 41: 127-150.
8. Magis K. Community Resilience: An Indicator of Social Sustainability. An International Journal. 2013; 23 (5): 401-416.
9. White RK, Edwards WC, Farrar A, Plodinec MA. Practical approach to building resili-ence in America's communities. American Behavioural Scientist. 2015; 59(2):200-19.
10. Patel SS, Rogers MB, Amlôt R, Rubin GJ. What Do We Mean by ‘Community Resili-ence’? A Systematic Literature Review of How It Is Defined in the Literature. PLOS Currents Disasters. 2017; 1.
11. Hegney D, Ross P, Baker C, Buikstra E, King C, McLachlan K, et al. Identification of Per-sonal and Community Resilience that En-hance Psychological Wellness: A Stanthorpe Study, University of Southern Queensland, Australia. 2008.
12. Kulig JC, Hegney D, Edge DS. Community resiliency and rural nursing: Canadian and Australian perspectives. Rural Nursing: Con-cepts, Theory and Practice. 2010; 3: 385-400.
13. Leykin D, Lahad M, Cohen O, Goldberg A, Aharonson-Daniel L. Conjoint community resiliency assessment measure-28/10 items (CCRAM28 and CCRAM10): A self-report tool for assessing community resilience. Ameri-can journal of community psychology. 2013; 52(3-4): 313-323.
14. Kimhi S. Levels of resilience: A critical re-view in Ajdukovic D, Kimhi S, Lahad M. (Eds.) Resiliency: Enhancing Coping with Crisis and Terrorism, IOS Press, Amsterdam. 2015: 49-59.
15. Beck CT, Polit DF. Essentials of Nursing Re-search: Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice, Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott, Wil-liams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. 2010; 7: 121–125.
16. Ahmad N. Overview of poverty eradication in Malaysia. Economic Planning Unit, Malaysia, [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2014 Sept 15]. Availa-ble from : http://www.ssig.gov.my/ssig/kcent/material/10985.pdf
17. Abdelhak S, Sulaiman J, Mohamad SA. Pov-erty among rural communities in Kelantan and Terengganu: the role of institutions, farmers' risk management and coping strate-gies. Journal of Applied Sciences (Faisalabad). 2012; 12(2): 125-135.
18. Raosoft. Raosoft Sample Size Calculator. Raosoft, Inc., Seattle. [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2014 Sept 15]. Available from : http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html
19. Yahaya A, Husain NDH. Stress Level And Its Influencing Factors Among Secondary School Teachers In Johor, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan And Selangor. [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Sept 25]. Available from : http://eprints.utm.my/2399/1/AziziYaha-ya_Stress_and_it_influecing_Factors.pdf
20. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using Multivariate Statistics, Allyn & Bacon, Needham Heights, MA, 5th edn [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Sept 25]. Available from : https://www.amazon.com/Using-Multivariate-Statistics-Barbara-Tabachnick/dp/0205849571
21. González-Torres M, Artuch-Garde R. Resili-ence and coping strategy profiles at universi-ty: Contextual and demographic variablesâ€, Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology. 2014; 12(3): 621-648.
22. Bonanno GA, Galea S, Bucciarelli A, Vlahov D. Psychological resilience after disaster: New York city in the aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attack. Psychological Science. 2006; 17: 181-186.
23. Solomon S. Gender differences in response to disaster, in G. Weidner S, Kopp M, Kristenson (Eds), Heart disease: Environment, stress and gender, NATO Science Series I: Life and Be-havioural Sciences. 2002; 327: 267-274.
24. Juul K. Performing belonging, celebrating invisibility? Nordic Journal of Migration Re-search. 2014; 4(4): 184-191.
25. Meyer MA. Social capital and collective effi-cacy for disaster resilience: Connecting indi-viduals with communities and vulnerability with resilience in hurricane-prone communi-ties in Florid, doctoral dissertation, Colarado State University, CO. 2013
26. Ali S. The Malays: Their Problems and Future, the Other Press, Kuala Lumpur. 2008
27. McCarren M, James GR, Goldberg J, Eisen SA, True WR, Henderson WG. A twin study of the association of post-traumatic stress disorder and combat exposure with long-term socioec-onomic status in Vietnam veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 1995; 8: 111–124.
28. Middleton KL, Willner J, Simmons KM. Natural disasters and posttraumatic stress disorder symptom complex: Evdience for the Oklaho-ma tornado outbreak, International Journal of Stress Management. 2002; 9: 229-236.
29. Baker EJ. Household preparedness for the aftermath of hurricans in Florida, Applied Geography. 2011; 31 (1): 46-52.
30. Cohen O, Leykin D, Lahad M, Goldberg A, Aharonson-Daniel. The conjoint community
resiliency assessment measure as a baseline for profiling and predicting community resili-ence for emergencies. Technological Fore-casting & Social Change. 2013; 80 (5): 1732-1741.
31. Murphy R. Leadership in disaster: Learning for a future with global climate change, McGill-Queen’s University Press, Montreal, QC. 2009
32. Wilson GA. Community resilience, globaliza-tion, and transitional pathways of decision-making. Geoforum. 2012; (6):1218-1231.
33. Castleden M, McKee M, Murray V, Leonardi G. Resilience thinking in health protection. Pub-lic Health.2011; 33(3): 369-377.
34. Saifulsyahira J, Edre MA, Juni /MH. Govern-ance of flood disaster management: Malaysi-an case study. International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences. 2016; 3(1): 17-30.
35. Stewart GT, Kolluru R, Smith M. Fostering recovery, sustainability, and growth leverag-ing public-private partnerships to improve community resilience in times of disaster. International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management. 2009; 39 (5): 343-364.
36. Gazley B. Beyond the contract: The scope and nature of informal government-nonprofit partnerships. Public Administration Review. 2008; 68(1): 141-154.
37. Hawdon J, Räsänen P, Oksanen A, Ryan J. Social solidarity and wellbeing after critical incidents: Three cases of mass shootings. Journal of Critical Incident Analysis. 2012; 3: 2-25.
38. Aldrich DP. Building Resilience: Social Capital in Post-Disaster Recovery, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. 2012
39. Cavallo A, Ireland V. Preparing for complex interdependent risks: A system of systems approach to building disaster resilience. In-ternational Journal of Disaster Risk Reduc-tion. 2014; 9: 181-193.
40. UNISDR. Hyogo framework for action: 2005-2015: Building the resilience of nations and communities to disaster 2015 [Internet]. [cited 2014 Sept 25]. Available from: http://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publications/103
41. Chang SE, McDaniels T, Fox J, Dhariwal R, Longstaff H. Toward disaster-resilient cities: characterizing resilience of infrastructure systems with expert judgments. Risk Analy-sis. 2014; 34(3): 416-434
42. Mishra S, Mazumdar S, Suar D. Place attach-ment and flood preparedness. Journal of En-vironmental Psychology. 2010; 30: 187–197.
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Published
2018-02-02
How to Cite
Mohamed Ludin, S. (2018). Associations Between Demographic Characteristics and Resilience Factors: A Self-Report Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARE SCHOLARS, 1(1), 22–28. https://doi.org/10.31436/ijcs.v1i1.41
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