IIUM Engineering Journal
https://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal/index.php/iiumej
<div style="text-align: justify;"> <p><strong>Thank you for your patience. We are now open for new submissions!</strong></p> <p>The IIUM Engineering Journal, published biannually (<strong>January </strong><em>and </em><strong>July</strong>), is a <em><strong>double-blind peer-reviewed</strong></em> open-access journal of the Kulliyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM).</p> <p><strong>January and July 2023</strong> issues are already in the <strong>Scopus</strong> database. <strong><a title="IIUMEJ Scopus" href="https://www.scopus.com/results/results.uri?sort=plf-f&src=s&st1=IIUM+Engineering+Journal&sid=07c22c9d5e719db94e80acf03f614cf0&sot=b&sdt=cl&sl=34&s=SRCTITLE%28IIUM+Engineering+Journal%29&origin=resultslist&editSaveSearch=&yearFrom=2023&yearTo=2023&sessionSearchId=07c22c9d5e719db94e80acf03f614cf0&limit=20" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Click here</a> </strong></p> <p><span style="color: #0000ff;"><strong>January 2024 Vol 25 No 1</strong></span><span style="font-size: 0.875rem;"> Issue </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">has been published on 1st January 2024</span><span style="font-size: 0.875rem;">, and </span><span style="color: #ff0000;"><strong>the next issue</strong></span><span style="font-size: 0.875rem;"> will be published on </span><strong style="font-size: 0.875rem;"> <span style="color: #ff0000;">July 2024. </span></strong></p> <div style="border: 2px solid #C0C0C0; padding: 3px;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><em><strong>Recently we have received many emails to verify the acceptance letter. The author must check the authenticity if the author did not submit any article through this site and email transmitted from the iium.edu.my domain. </strong></em></span></div> <p>The IIUM Engineering Journal publishes original research findings as regular and review papers (by invitation). The Journal provides a platform for Engineers, Researchers, Academicians, and Practitioners who are highly motivated to contribute to the Engineering disciplines and Applied Sciences. It also welcomes contributions that address solutions to the developing world's specific challenges and address science and technology issues from an Islamic and multidisciplinary perspective.<strong> </strong></p> <p><strong>Subject areas suitable for publication are as follows:</strong> </p> <ul> <li class="show">Chemical and Biotechnology Engineering</li> <li class="show">Civil and Environmental Engineering</li> <li class="show">Computer Science and Information Technology</li> <li class="show">Electrical, Computer, and Communications Engineering</li> <li class="show">Engineering Mathematics and Applied Science</li> <li class="show">Materials and Manufacturing Engineering</li> <li class="show">Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering</li> <li class="show">Mechatronics and Automation Engineering</li> </ul> <p>Contributions from other areas of Engineering and Applied Science are welcome.</p> <p>A manuscript undergoes a double-blind review process. </p> <p><strong><strong>IIUM Engineering Journal Publication Ethics and Malpractice Statements</strong>:</strong></p> <p>IIUMEJ is committed to meeting and upholding standards of ethical behaviour at all stages of the publication process. Our expectations of editors, peer-reviewers, and authors are summarised here [<a title="Editorial Policies" href="https://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal/index.php/iiumej/ethics">link</a>].</p> </div>IIUM Press, IIUM, Malaysiaen-USIIUM Engineering Journal1511-788XEditorial
https://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal/index.php/iiumej/article/view/1832
<p> <strong><span lang="EN-US">CHIEF EDITOR</span></strong></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.85pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Ahmad Faris Ismail, IIUM, Malaysia</span></p> </blockquote> <p><strong>TECHNICAL EDITOR</strong></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.85pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Sany Izan Ihsan, IIUM, Malaysia</span></p> </blockquote> <p><strong>EXECUTIVE EDITOR</strong></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.85pt;"><span lang="EN-US">AHM Zahirul Alam, IIUM, Malaysia</span></p> </blockquote> <p><strong>ASSOCIATE EDITOR</strong></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.85pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Nor Farahidah Za’bah, IIUM, Malaysia</span></p> </blockquote> <p><strong>LANGUAGE EDITOR</strong></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: .1pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Lynn Mason, Malaysia</span></p> </blockquote> <p><strong>COPY EDITOR</strong></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.85pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Hamzah Mohd. Salleh, UNISSA, Brunei Darussalam</span></p> </blockquote> <p><strong>MALAY TRANSLATOR</strong></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.85pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Nurul Arfah Che Mustapha, IIUM, Malaysia</span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.85pt;"> </p> <h2 style="line-height: 10.75pt; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 6.0pt 0cm;"><u> <span style="color: #0000ff;"><strong><span lang="EN-US">EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS</span></strong></span></u></h2> <blockquote> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in 108.55pt .0001pt 5.4pt;">Abdullah Al-Mamun, IIUM, Malaysia</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in 108.55pt .0001pt 5.4pt;">Abdumalik Rakhimov, IIUM, Malaysia</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in 108.55pt .0001pt 5.4pt;">Aishah Najiah Bt. Dahnel, IIUM, Malaysia</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in 108.55pt .0001pt 5.4pt;">Alya Naili Binti Rozhan, IIUM, Malaysia</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in 108.55pt .0001pt 5.4pt;">Norsinnira Bt. Zainul Azlan, IIUM, Malaysia</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in 108.55pt .0001pt 5.4pt;">Hanafy Omar, Saudi Arabia</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in 108.55pt .0001pt 5.4pt;">Hazleen Anuar, IIUM, Malaysia</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in 108.55pt .0001pt 5.4pt;">Konstantin Khanin, University of Toronto, Canada</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in 108.55pt .0001pt 5.4pt;">Ma'an Al-Khatib, IIUM, Malaysia</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in 108.55pt .0001pt 5.4pt;">Meftah Hrairi, IIUM, Malaysia</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in 108.55pt .0001pt 5.4pt;">Mohamed B. Trabia, United States</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in 108.55pt .0001pt 5.4pt;">Mohammad S. Alam, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, United States</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in 108.55pt .0001pt 5.4pt;">Mustafizur Rahman, National University Singapore, Singapore</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in 108.55pt .0001pt 5.4pt;">Ossama Abdulkhalik, Michigan Technological University, United States</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in 108.55pt .0001pt 5.4pt;">Mohamed Hadi Habaebi, IIUM, Malaysia</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in 108.55pt .0001pt 5.4pt;">Mohd. Sultan Ibrahim Bin Shaik Dawood, IIUM, Malaysia</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in 108.55pt .0001pt 5.4pt;">Muhammad Ibn Ibrahimy, IIUM, Malaysia</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in 108.55pt .0001pt 5.4pt;">Nor Fadhillah Mohamed Azmin, IIUM, Malaysia</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in 108.55pt .0001pt 5.4pt;">Waqar Asrar, IIUM, Malaysia</p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0cm 171.55pt .0001pt 5.4pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p> <h2 style="line-height: 10.75pt; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 6.0pt 0cm;"><strong> <u><span style="color: #0000ff;">INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE</span></u></strong></h2> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in .55pt .0001pt 49.5pt;">A. Anwar, United States</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in .55pt .0001pt 49.5pt;">Abdul Latif Bin Ahmad, Malaysia</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in .55pt .0001pt 49.5pt;">Farzad Ismail, USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in .55pt .0001pt 49.5pt;">Hanafy Omar, Saudi Arabia</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in .55pt .0001pt 49.5pt;">Hany Ammar, United States</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in .55pt .0001pt 49.5pt;">Idris Mohammed Bugaje, Nigeria</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in .55pt .0001pt 49.5pt;">K.B. Ramachandran, India</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in .55pt .0001pt 49.5pt;">Kunzu Abdella, Canada</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in .55pt .0001pt 49.5pt;">Luis Le Moyne, ISAT, University of Burgundy, France</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in .55pt .0001pt 49.5pt;">M Mujtaba, United Kingdom</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in .55pt .0001pt 49.5pt;">Mohamed AI-Rubei, Ireland</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in .55pt .0001pt 49.5pt;">Mohamed B Trabia, United States</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in .55pt .0001pt 49.5pt;">Syed Kamrul Islam, United States</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in .55pt .0001pt 49.5pt;">Tibor Czigany, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 0in .55pt .0001pt 49.5pt;">Yiu-Wing Mai, The University of Sydney, Australia.</p> <p style="margin-top: 6px; margin-bottom: 6px;"> </p> <h2 style="line-height: 10.75pt; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 6.0pt 0cm;"><strong> <u><span style="color: #0000ff;">AIMS & SCOPE OF IIUM ENGINEERING JOURNAL</span></u></strong></h2> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 98%; margin-right: 5.6pt;">The <strong>IIUM Engineering Journal</strong>, published biannually (January and July), is a carefully refereed international publication of the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). Contributions of high technical merit within the <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">span </span>of engineering disciplines; covering the main <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">areas </span>of engineering: Electrical and <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> Computer </span>Engineering; Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering; Automation <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">and</span> Mechatronics Engineering; Material and Chemical Engineering; Environmental <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">and</span> Civil Engineering; Biotechnology and Bioengineering; Engineering Mathematics and Physics; and Computer Science and Information Technology are considered for publication in this journal. Contributions from <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">other areas </span>of Engineering <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">and </span>Applied Science are also welcomed. The <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">IIUM </span>Engineering Journal publishes contributions under <em>Regular papers and Invited review papers</em>. It also welcomes contributions that address solutions to the specific challenges of the developing world and address science and technology issues from an Islamic and multidisciplinary perspective.<span lang="EN-US"> </span></p> <p><span style="color: #990000;"><strong>REFEREES’ NETWORK</strong></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.05pt; line-height: 98%;"><span lang="EN-US">All papers submitted to IIUM Engineering Journal will be subjected to a rigorous reviewing process through a worldwide network of specialized and competent referees. Each accepted paper should have at least two positive referees’ assessments.</span></p> <p><strong><span style="color: #990000;">SUBMISSION OF A MANUSCRIPT</span></strong></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.7pt;"><span lang="EN-US">A manuscript should be submitted online to the IIUM Engineering Journal website at </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 6.05pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 98%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 98%;"><a href="https://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal"> <span style="font-size: small;">http://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">. The journal website could conduct further correspondence on the paper's status.</span></span></p> <div class="WordSection2"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 113%; margin: 0cm 5.85pt .0001pt 5.4pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Whilst the publisher and editorial board make every effort to see that no inaccurate or misleading data, opinion, or statement appears in this Journal, they wish to make it clear that the data and opinions appearing in the articles and advertisements herein are the responsibility of the contributor or advertiser concerned. Accordingly, the publisher and the editorial committee accept no liability whatsoever for the consequence of any such inaccurate or misleading data, opinion, or statement.</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 113%; margin: 0cm 5.85pt .0001pt 5.4pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><img src="https://journals.iium.edu.my/pub/ejournal/public/site/images/zahirul/image001.jpg" alt="" width="231" height="135" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0;" align="center"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">IIUM Engineering Journal</span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0;" align="center"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt;">ISSN: 1511-788X E-ISSN: 2289-7860</span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p> </div> <p><strong>Published by:</strong> <br /><strong>IIUM Press</strong>, <br />International Islamic University Malaysia <br />Jalan Gombak, 53100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia <br />Phone (+603) 6421-5014, Fax: (+603) 6421-6298</p>AHM Zahirul Alam
Copyright (c) 2022 IIUM Press
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2024-01-012024-01-0125110.31436/iiumej.v25i1.1832A WHEELCHAIR SITTING POSTURE DETECTION SYSTEM USING PRESSURE SENSORS
https://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal/index.php/iiumej/article/view/2820
<p>The usage of machine learning in the healthcare system, especially in monitoring those who are using a wheelchair for their mobility has also helped to improve their quality of life in preventing any serious life-time risk, such as the development of pressure ulcers due to the prolonged sitting on the wheelchair. To date, the amount of research on the sitting posture detection on wheelchairs is very small. Thus, this study aimed to develop a sitting posture detection system that predominantly focuses on monitoring and detecting the sitting posture of a wheelchair user by using pressure sensors to avoid any possible discomfort and musculoskeletal disease resulting from prolonged sitting on the wheelchair. Five healthy subjects participated in this research. Five typical sitting postures by the wheelchair user, including the posture that applies a force on the backrest plate, were identified and classified. There were four pressure sensors attached to the seat plate of the wheelchair and two pressure sensors attached to the back rest. Three classification algorithms based on the supervised learning of machine learning, such as support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and decision tree (DT) were used to classify the postures which produced an accuracy of 95.44%, 98.72%, and 98.80%, respectively. All the classification algorithms were evaluated by using the k-fold cross validation method. A graphical-user interface (GUI) based application was developed using the algorithm with the highest accuracy, DT classifier, to illustrate the result of the posture classification to the wheelchair user for any posture correction to be made in case of improper sitting posture detected.</p> <p><strong><em>ABSTRAK: </em></strong>Penggunaan pembelajaran mesin dalam sistem penjagaan kesihatan terutama dalam mengawasi pergerakan pengguna kerusi roda dapat membantu meningkatkan kualiti hidup bagi mengelak sebarang risiko serius seperti ulser disebabkan tekanan duduk terlalu lama di kerusi roda. Sehingga kini, kajian tentang pengesanan postur ketika duduk di kerusi roda adalah sangat kurang. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan bagi membina sistem pengesan postur khususnya bagi mengawasi dan mengesan postur duduk pengguna kerusi roda dengan menggunakan pengesan tekanan bagi mengelak sebarang kemungkinan ketidakselesaan dan penyakit otot akibat duduk terlalu lama. Lima pengguna kerusi roda yang sihat telah dijadikan subjek bagi kajian ini. Terdapat lima postur duduk oleh pengguna kerusi roda termasuk postur yang memberikan tekanan pada bahagian belakang telah di kenalpasti dan dikelaskan. Terdapat empat pengesan tekanan dilekatkan pada bahagian tempat duduk kerusi roda dan dua pengesan tekanan dilekatkan pada bahagian belakang. Tiga algoritma pengelasan berdasarkan pembelajaran terarah melalui pembelajaran mesin seperti Sokongan Vektor Mesin (SVM), Hutan Rawak (RF) dan Pokok Keputusan (DT) telah digunakan bagi pengelasan postur di mana masing-masing memberikan ketepatan 95.44%, 98.72% dan 98.80%. Semua algoritma pengelasan telah dinilai menggunakan kaedah <em>k</em>-lipatan pengesahan bersilang. Sebuah aplikasi grafik antara muka (GUI) telah dibina menggunakan algoritma dengan ketepatan paling tinggi, iaitu pengelasan DT bagi memaparkan keputusan pengelasan postur untuk pengguna kerusi roda bagi membantu pembetulan postur jika postur salah dikesan.</p>Muhammad Annuar Alhadi Mohamad YusoffNur Liyana AzmiNor Hidayati Diyana Nordin
Copyright (c) 2023 IIUM Press
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2024-01-012024-01-0125130231610.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2820POWER OF ALIGNMENT: EXPLORING THE EFFECT OF FACE ALIGNMENT ON ASD DIAGNOSIS USING FACIAL IMAGES
https://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal/index.php/iiumej/article/view/2838
<p>Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that impacts social communication and conduct. ASD lacks standard treatment protocols or medication, thus early identification and proper intervention are the most effective procedures to treat this disorder. Artificial intelligence could be a very effective tool to be used in ASD diagnosis as this is free from human bias. This research examines the effect of face alignment for the early diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) using facial images with the possibility that face alignment can improve the prediction accuracy of deep learning algorithms. This work uses the SOTA deep learning-based face alignment algorithm MTCNN to preprocess the raw data. In addition, the impacts of facial alignment on ASD diagnosis using facial images are investigated using state-of-the-art CNN backbones such as ResNet50, Xception, and MobileNet. ResNet50V2 achieves the maximum prediction accuracy of 93.97% and AUC of 96.33% with the alignment of training samples, which is a substantial improvement over previous research. This research paves the way for a data-centric approach that can be applied to medical datasets in order to improve the efficacy of deep neural network algorithms used to develop smart medical devices for the benefit of mankind.</p> <p><strong><em>ABSTRAK: </em></strong>Gangguan Spektrum Autisme (ASD) adalah gangguan perkembangan yang memberi kesan kepada komunikasi dan tingkah laku sosial. Kelemahan dalam rawatan ASD adalah ianya tidak mempunyai protokol rawatan standard atau ubat. Oleh itu pengenalan awal dan campur tangan betul merupakan prosedur paling berkesan bagi merawat gangguan ini. Kecerdasan buatan boleh menjadi alat berkesan bagi diagnosis ASD kerana bebas campur tangan manusia. Penyelidikan ini mengkaji kesan penjajaran muka bagi diagnosis awal ASD menggunakan imej muka dengan kebarangkalian penjajaran muka dapat meningkatkan ketepatan ramalan algoritma pembelajaran mendalam. Kajian ini menggunakan algoritma penjajaran muka MTCNN berasaskan pembelajaran mendalam SOTA bagi pra-proses data mentah. Selain itu, kesan penjajaran muka pada diagnosis ASD menggunakan imej muka disiasat menggunakan CNN terkini seperti ResNet50, Xception dan MobileNet. ResNet50V2 mencapai ketepatan ramalan maksimum sebanyak 93.97% dan AUC 96.33% dengan sampel penjajaran latihan, yang merupakan peningkatan ketara berbanding penyelidikan terdahulu. Kajian ini membuka jalan bagi pendekatan data berpusat yang boleh digunakan pada set data perubatan bagi meningkatkan keberkesanan algoritma rangkaian saraf mendalam dan membangunkan peranti perubatan pintar bermanfaat untuk manusia.</p>Muhammad Mahbubur RashidMohammad Shafiul Alam
Copyright (c) 2023 IIUM Press
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2024-01-012024-01-0125131732710.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2838OPTIMAL CLUSTERING OF WIRELESS MULTIPATHS BY UNIFORM MANIFOLD APPROXIMATION AND PROJECTION-ASSISTED DBSCAN
https://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal/index.php/iiumej/article/view/2716
<p>Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) is applied to reduce the multipath dataset into 2-dimensions (2D) for visualization and clustering. Density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) is used as the clustering approach and the performance of different search radius epsilon ?. The proposed approach was used to cluster semi-urban scenarios of the COST2100 channel model (C2CM), which has many multipath components (MPCs). The approach is validated by comparing the clustering results to the ground truth and computing the Adjusted Rand Index (ARI) and the cluster-wise Jaccard index . The results suggest that lowering the search radius up to 0.3 achieved a median below 0.6 in the multiple-links scenarios due to the overlapping nature of clusters. Nevertheless, the median values above 0.7 and 0.8 for the ARI and Jaccard index , respectively for the single-link scenarios indicate the robsutness of the approach.</p> <p><strong><em>ABSTRAK</em></strong>: Anggaran Manifold Seragam dan Unjuran (UMAP) 2-dimensi (2D) digunakan sebagai penggambaran dan pengelasan bagi mengurangkan set data pelbagai laluan. Aplikasi pengelasan ruangan bersama bunyi berdasarkan ketumpatan (DBSCAN) ini mengguna pakai pendekatan pengelasan dan prestasi pelbagai radius carian epsilon ?. Pendekatan yang dicadangkan ini digunakan bagi pengelasan senario separa-bandar model saluran COST2100 (C2CM), di mana komponen ini mempunyai banyak laluan (MPCs). Pendekatan ini disahkan dengan membandingkan dapatan pengelasan kepada kesahihan lapangan, pengiraan Indeks Rawak Terlaras (ARI) dan indeks Jaccard pengelasan ?. Dapatan menunjukkan pengurangan radius carian sehingga 0.3 dicapai pada median di bawah 0.6 dalam senario pelbagai pautan disebabkan oleh sifat pertindihan pengelasan. Walau bagaimanapun, nilai median di atas 0.7 dan 0.8 untuk ARI dan indeks Jaccard ?, masing-masing menunjukkan kaedah ini berkesan bagi senario pautan-tunggal.</p>Emmanuel TrinidadLawrence Materum
Copyright (c) 2023 IIUM Press
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2024-01-012024-01-0125116717710.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2716MOBILE GAS SENSING FOR LABORATORY INFRASTRUCTURE
https://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal/index.php/iiumej/article/view/2727
<p>Indoor air quality has become a growing concern in modern society due to prolonged indoor working hours that lead to the frequent exposure to numerous toxic gases from various sources. These pollutants, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), pose severe health risks such as asthma and lung cancer. To address this critical issue, this project focuses on developing and evaluating an advanced gas detection system that explicitly targets VOCs by integrating two novel metal oxide semiconductor (MOX)-based gas sensors, ENS 160 and TED110. Different sensor parameters, such as the air quality index (AQI) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), were evaluated using 12 volatile organic chemicals. The findings revealed that the ENS 160 sensor performs excellently, detecting 60 gas samples out of 72, with an average detection rate of approximately 83%. In contrast, the TED110 sensor demonstrated considerably lower performance and response in 24 out of 72 gas samples, with a detection rate of about 33%. The results contribute insights into the gas sensor's characteristics, providing essential information to enhance indoor air quality monitoring technology, particularly in laboratory environments.</p> <p><strong><em>ABSTRAK: </em></strong>Setiap hari, banyak gas toksik, letupan dan beracun berlaku di dalam dan di luar rumah daripada pelbagai sumber. Dalam masyarakat moden, kebanyakan orang menghabiskan 90% masa bekerja mereka di dalam rumah; oleh itu, kualiti udara dalaman secara beransur-ansur bertambah buruk daripada suasana luar. Projek ini sedang membangunkan sistem pengesanan dan pemantauan moden yang canggih untuk mengesan pelbagai gas berbahaya, seperti sebatian organik meruap (VOC). Dua penderia gas berasaskan semikonduktor oksida logam (MOX) novel telah diperkenalkan dalam projek ini dengan mikropengawal yang dikemas kini untuk pemerolehan data dan pemprosesan data. Tambahan pula, parameter sensor yang berbeza (AQI, TVOC) telah dinilai dengan 12 bahan kimia organik yang tidak menentu. Semua ujian telah dijalankan dalam tudung kimia tradisional dengan tiga kuantiti sampel yang berbeza (5?L, 10?L, 50?L) pada jarak 40 cm dan 100 cm. Akhir sekali, volum minimum yang boleh dikesan berdasarkan jarak antara nod sensor dan sumber bocor telah dianalisis selepas eksperimen yang meluas dengan kedua-dua sensor. Sensor ENS 160 sedang mengesan 60 sampel gas daripada 72, dalam ketiga-tiga parameter seperti AQI, TVOC dan kadar pengesanan CO2 sekitar 83%. TED110 menunjukkan prestasi yang sangat rendah; ia telah bertindak balas kepada 24 daripada 72 sampel gas, dan kadar pengesanan ialah 33%.</p>Raduan SarifMohammed Faeik Ruzaij Al-OkbyThomas RoddelkopfKerstin Thurow
Copyright (c) 2023 IIUM Press
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2024-01-012024-01-0125117820710.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2727SPECTROSCOPY DATA CALIBRATION USING STACKED ENSEMBLE MACHINE LEARNING
https://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal/index.php/iiumej/article/view/2796
<p>Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a widely used analytical technique for non-destructive analysis of various materials including food fraud detection. However, the accurate calibration of NIRS data can be challenging due to the complexity of the underlying relationships between the spectral data and the target variables of interest. Ensemble learning, which combines multiple models to make predictions, has been shown to improve the accuracy and robustness of predictive models in various domains. This paper proposes stacking ensemble machine learning (SEML) for calibration of NIRS data with two levels of learning involved. Eight (8) spectroscopy datasets from public repository and previously published works by the authors are used as the case study. The model well generalized the data in the respective regression tasks with of at least »0.8 in the test samples and in the respective classification tasks with classification accuracy (CA) of at least »0.8 also. In addition, the proposed SEML can improve, or at least reach par with, the accuracy of individual base learners in both train and test samples for all cases of regression and classification datasets. It shows superior performance in test samples for both regression and classification datasets with respectively ranging from 0.86 to nearly 1 and CA ranging from 0.89 to 1.</p> <p><strong><em>ABSTRAK: </em></strong>Spektroskopi inframerah dekat (NIRS) adalah teknik analitikal yang banyak digunakan bagi analisa pelbagai bahan tanpa merosakkan bahan termasuk ketika mengesan penipuan makanan. Walau bagaimanapun, kalibrasi yang tepat bagi data NIRS adalah sangat mencabar kerana hubungan antara data spektral dan pemboleh ubah sasaran yang ingin dikaji bersifat kompleks. Gabungan pembelajaran (<em>Ensemble learning</em>), iaitu gabungan pelbagai model bagi membuat prediksi, telah terbukti dapat meningkatkan ketepatan dan kecekapan model prediksi dalam pelbagai bentuk. Kajian ini mencadangkan Turutan Gabungan Pembelajaran Mesin (<em>Stacking Ensemble Machine Learning</em> ) (SEML), bagi teknik penentu ukuran data NIRS melibatkan dua tahap pembelajaran. Lapan (8) set data spektroskopi dari repositori awam dan kajian terdahulu oleh pengarang telah digunakan sebagai kes kajian. Model ini menggeneralisasi data dalam tugas regresi masing-masing sebanyak ?0.8 bagi sampel ujian dan pengelasan tugas masing-masing dengan ketepatan klasifikasi (CA) sekurang-kurangnya ?0.8. Tambahan, SEML yang dicadangkan ini dapat membantu, atau sekurang-kurangnya setanding dengan ketepatan individu dalam pembelajaran berkumpulan dalam kedua-dua sampel latihan dan ujian bagi semua kes set data regresi dan klasifikasi. Ia menunjukkan prestasi terbaik dalam sampel ujian bagi kedua-dua kumpulan set data regresi dan klasifikasi dengan masing-masing antara 0.86 hingga hampir 1 dan antara julat 0.89 hingga 1 bagi CA.</p>Mahmud Iwan SolihinChan Jin YuanWan Siu HongLiew Phing PuiAng Chun KitWafa HossainAffiani Machmudah
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2024-01-012024-01-0125120822410.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2796COMPACT CPW 4X4 MIMO ANTENNA FOR WI-FI 6 (IEEE802.11.AX) AND 5G(NR77/NR78/NR79) COMMUNICATIONS
https://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal/index.php/iiumej/article/view/2898
<p>This research proposes a compact 4x4 MIMO coplanar waveguide antenna for 5G NR and Wi-Fi 6 applications. The antenna has a size of 34x32x1.6 mm and operates in the 4.2-7 GHz band. By cutting slots on the ground and radiator, the mutual coupling is reduced to less than -15 dB between adjacent and opposite elements and less than -25 dB between diagonal elements. The antenna achieves good measured gains (3-6 dBi) and efficiency (60%-80%). The proposed antenna is suitable for high-performance wireless communication systems that require a small and low-cost MIMO antenna.</p> <p><strong><em>ABSTRAK:</em></strong> Kajian ini mencadangkan antena pandu gelombang yang kompak 4x4 MIMO koplanar bagi aplikasi 5G NR dan Wi-Fi6. Antena ini mempunyai saiz 34x32x1.6 mm dan beroperasi dalam kelompok gelombang 4.2-7 GHz. Dengan memotong slot pada tanah dan radiator, <em>mutual coupling</em> dikurangkan sebanyak -15 dB antara adjasen dan elemen bertentangan dan kurang daripada -25 dB antara elemen diagonal. Antena ini mencapai ukuran terbaik pada <em>gain</em> (3-6 dBi) dan kecekapan (60%-80%). Antena yang dicadangkan ini sesuai bagi sistem komunikasi tanpa wayar berprestasi tinggi yang memerlukan antena kecil dan murah seperti antena MIMO.</p> <p>.</p>Noora SalimMandeep S. J. SinghAmer T. Abed
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2024-01-012024-01-0125122523610.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2898PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE TEMPERATURE ESTIMATION MODEL FOR THE ONE-TIME-POINT DAILY ESTIMATION METHOD
https://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal/index.php/iiumej/article/view/2913
<p>Based on the hourly solar radiation and ambient temperature, the hourly power estimation work is carried out using the conventional photovoltaic output power (PVOP) estimation model which is used in conjunction with the conventional photovoltaic module temperature (PVMT) estimation model. These hourly data must be processed further before they can be applied to the daily power estimation work. This estimation work is carried out using conventional estimation methods, which are the multiple estimation processes that are complex, time-consuming, and error prone. Therefore, to avoid these shortcomings, one estimation process is designed and used for daily power estimation work. However, this process produces an incorrect daily output power value due to an invalid module temperature value. Thus, a new PVMT estimation model is developed to solve the problem of the invalid value based on a simple linear regression analysis. The performance of the new model has been validated, giving a Normalized Root Mean Squared Error (NRMSE) value of 0.0215 and a Coefficient of Determination (R2) value of 0.9862. The correct daily output power value is produced with a valid module temperature value, giving a NRMSE value of 0.0034 and a R2 value of 0.9999. These results demonstrate the new model's applicability and makes the one estimation process accurate, easy, user-friendly, instantaneous, and direct in daily power estimation work.</p> <p><strong><em>ABSTRAK:</em></strong> Berdasarkan sinaran matahari dan suhu persekitaran per jam, kerja-kerja anggaran kuasa setiap jam dijalankan menggunakan model anggaran kuasa dari dapatan fotovolta konvensional (PVOP) yang digunakan bersempena dengan model anggaran suhu modul fotovolta konvensional (PVMT). Data per jam ini perlu diproses dengan lebih lanjut sebelum ia boleh digunakan pada kerja anggaran kuasa harian. Kerja-kerja penganggaran ini dijalankan menggunakan kaedah penganggaran konvensional, iaitu proses penganggaran berganda yang kompleks, memakan masa dan mudah ralat. Oleh itu, bagi mengelakkan kekurangan ini, satu proses anggaran direka bentuk dan diguna bagi kerja anggaran kuasa harian. Namun, proses ini menghasilkan nilai dapatan kuasa harian yang salah disebabkan oleh nilai suhu modul tidak sah. Oleh itu, model anggaran PVMT baharu telah dibina bagi menyelesaikan masalah nilai tidak sah berdasarkan analisis mudah regresi linear. Prestasi model baharu telah disahkan, memberi nilai Ralat Punca Min Kuasa Dua Ternormal (NRMSE) sebanyak 0.0215 dan nilai Pekali Penentuan (R2) sebanyak 0.9862. Nilai dapatan kuasa harian yang betul dihasilkan dengan nilai suhu modul yang sah, iaitu nilai NRMSE 0.0034 dan R2 0.9999. Dapatan ini menunjukkan bahawa kebolehgunaan model baharu menjadikan proses anggaran lebih tepat, mudah, mesra pengguna, serta-merta dan terus dalam kerja anggaran kuasa harian.</p>Kinfatt WongRobiah AhmadKushsairy Abdul KadirNorulhusna Ahmad
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2024-01-012024-01-0125123725210.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2913ADVANCING SYSTEM INTEGRATION: VERILOG-BASED HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ASIC INTERFACE FOR THREE AMBA PROCESSORS
https://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal/index.php/iiumej/article/view/2914
<p>This paper presents the development of a multi-AMBA system processor interface employing multiple AMBA processors. The primary goal of this interface is to establish connections between various AMBA AHB interfaces and external memory units such as RAM and REGISTER, leveraging the high-performance capabilities of AMBA AHB. The research delves into the utilization of ASICs to integrate processors and functional blocks into a System-On-Chip (SoC) configuration, enabling the execution of intricate applications. Within the ASIC environment, the research explores how processors communicate with their designated targets through an interface that standardizes the communication protocol for all targets. It underscores the challenges posed by data throughput and inter-processor/RTL communication in contemporary processors and suggests the concurrent use of multiple AMBA processors for accessing their respective targets. Additionally, the paper introduces an arbitration system for managing multiprocessor access and investigates the optimization of bulk data access while prioritizing crucial ASIC design constraints, including speed, low power consumption, and efficient area utilization. The proposed system was rigorously validated through simulation using Verilog HDL, yielding positive and promising results.</p> <p><strong><em>ABSTRAK: </em></strong>Kajian ini adalah mengenai pembangunan antara muka, sistem pemproses berbilang AMBA yang mengandungi berbilang pemproses AMBA. Tujuan antara muka ini adalah bagi mewujudkan hubungan pelbagai antara muka AMBA AHB dengan unit memori luaran seperti RAM dan REGISTER, ini sekaligus memanfaatkan keupayaan tinggi AMBA AHB. Kajian ini mengguna pakai ASIC bagi menyatukan pemproses dan blok berfungsi pada konfigurasi Sistem-Atas-Cip (SoC), membolehkan pelaksanaan aplikasi rumit. Pada persekitaran ASIC, kajian ini meneroka cara pemproses berkomunikasi dengan sasaran yang ditetapkan melalui perantaraan antara muka yang menyeragam protokol komunikasi bagi semua sasaran. Ia menggariskan cabaran yang ditimbulkan oleh pemprosesan data dan komunikasi antara pemproses/RTL dalam pemproses kontemporari dan mencadang penggunaan secara serentak pemproses berbilang AMBA bagi mengakses sasaran masing-masing. Selain itu, kertas kerja ini memperkenalkan sistem timbang tara bagi mengurus akses berbilang pemproses dan mengkaji akses data pukal yang optimum sambil mengutamakan kekangan reka bentuk ASIC, seperti kelajuan, penggunaan kuasa rendah dan penggunaan kawasan secara cekap. Sistem ini telah disahkan dengan teliti melalui simulasi menggunakan Verilog HDL, memberikan dapatan positif dan harapan baik.</p>S.M.A. MotakabberMohammad Iqbal Rahman Rokon AHM Zahirul AlamGazi Zahirul IslamMohammad Abdul MatinMd. Mahmud
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2024-01-012024-01-0125125326210.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2914EXTENDABLE HIGH-GAIN DC-DC CONVERTER FOR STORAGE BATTERY AND PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL
https://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal/index.php/iiumej/article/view/3093
<p>DC-DC converters with significant gain, ripple-free input current, and shared ground are required to elevate the output voltages of batteries, fuel cells, and Photovoltaic sources. The proposed topology utilizes a solitary switch to control the circuit and it has additional inculpation of a voltage doubler cell at the load side, a switch capacitor cell in the middle, and a quadratic cell at the output side. These cascaded configurations lead to significant voltage gains at moderate duty cycle rates. Additionally, the voltage stress over the power components is negligible, coming in under one-third of the resultant voltage. Moreover, the number of cells at the input and output side can be extended to obtain high voltage according to the requirements of the load. The gain in voltage, efficiency, and normalized voltage stress of the semiconductor elements in the circuit are examined concerning other solutions found in the literature. Eventually, photovoltaic and battery sources were included to analyze the proposed topology to confirm the circuit’s multifaceted functionality. The circuit was developed for 270 W, 440 V output from 36 V input, and a 40 kHz switching pulse was used to drive the switch. The theoretical and simulation analysis states that incorporating photovoltaic and other sources did not deteriorate the transformation efficiency. Simulink and PSIM analysis found that the circuit successfully transferred power from source to load.</p> <p><strong><em>ABSTRAK: </em></strong>Penukar DC-DC yang mempunyai gandaan ketara, input arus bebas riak dan pembumi berkongsi penting bagi meningkatkan voltan keluar bateri, sel bahan api dan sumber fotovolta. Topologi yang dicadangkan ini menggunakan suis tersendiri bagi mengawal litar dan ia mengandungi sel pendua voltan tambahan bagi menghentikan arus di bahagian beban, sel suis kapasitor di tengah dan sel kuadratik di bahagian voltan keluar. Konfigurasi berturutan ini membawa kepada gandaan voltan ketara pada kadar kitar tugas sederhana. Tambahan, tekanan voltan ke atas komponen kuasa boleh diabaikan, iaitu satu pertiga daripada voltan terhasil. Selain itu, bilangan sel di bahagian kemasukan dan keluaran arus boleh dilanjutkan bagi mendapatkan voltan tinggi mengikut keperluan beban. Gandaan voltan, kecekapan dan tekanan voltan ternormal pada bahan dalam litar semikonduktor diperiksa dengan menyamai penyelesaian lain yang ditemui dalam kajian terdahulu. Akhirnya, sumber fotovolta dan bateri dimasukkan bagi menganalisis topologi yang dicadangkan bagi mengesahkan fungsi pelbagai rupa litar. Litar yang dibangunkan ini digunakan pada kuasa 270 W, pada aras voltan 440 V dengan kemasukan voltan 36 V dan suis operasi berfrekuensi 40 kHz. Analisis teori dan simulasi menyatakan bahawa gabungan fotovolta dan sumber lain tidak mengurangkan kecekapan transformasi. Analisis Simulink dan PSIM mendapati litar ini berjaya memindahkan 95% kuasa dari sumber kepada beban.</p>S. M. A. MotakabberKhadiza AkterAHM Zahirul AlamSiti Hajar Binti Yusoff
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2024-01-012024-01-0125126327310.31436/iiumej.v25i1.3093THE INFLUENCE OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS AND LIGHT SUPPLY ON BITTER CASSAVA CALLUS INITIATION FOR STARCH PRODUCTION
https://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal/index.php/iiumej/article/view/2585
<p>The application of cassava starch in the biopolymers industry has been growing significantly due to its low cost, good oxygen barrier in the dry state, and biodegradability. Plant culture technology is an alternative to traditional propagation as it does not require large areas for production, has a higher rate of multiplication, and produces disease-free plants. However, the application of cassava callus culture for starch production is limited. This study focuses on identifying the significant culture parameters for a maximum Rayong cultivar cassava callus growth and evaluation of its starch content. Cassava stems petiole and leaf explants were cultured on MS medium containing different combinations of 2,4-D (8, 12, and 15 mg/L) and BAP (1, 3, and 5 mg/L) under three light conditions (0, 16, and 24 h). The screening of the most influential parameter was done using the 2-level Factorial Design in Design Expert v13 by analyzing the frequency of callus formation. All leaf explant turned brown with no callus induction. The highest frequency of callus formation derived from stem petiole explant was achieved by the combination of 8 mg/L 2,4-D and 1 mg/L BAP under the light condition (75%) followed by 8 mg/L 2,4 D + 1 mg/L BAP under the dark condition (50%). Based on the ANOVA analysis, the individual supply of 2,4-D and BAP respectively, have a negative effect on callus formation while the combination of 2,4-D and BAP has a positive effect. Light supply did not significantly affect cassava callus formation. The amount of starch in the cassava callus was then investigated using an iodine test which yielded 0.21% of the total weight of the callus (0.0101g). The amount of starch is relatively low considering that the callus was not grown under the optimum condition for starch production. The findings of this study open prospects for future research in cassava cultures in favor of starch production.</p> <p><strong><em>ABSTRAK: </em></strong>Penggunaan kanji ubi kayu dalam industri biopolimer telah meningkat secara mendadak disebabkan oleh faktor kosnya yang rendah, rintangan oksigen yang baik dan sifat keterbiodegradasi. Teknologi kultur tisu tumbuhan merupakan alternatif kepada pembiakan secara tradisional yang mana teknologi ini tidak memerlukan kawasan penanaman yang luas, penghasilan yang lebih singkat dan menghasilkan tumbuhan bebas penyakit. Walau bagaimanapun, kajian mengenai penggunaan kanji dari kultur ubi kayu masih belum meluas. Kajian ini bertujuan mengenal pasti parameter penting dalam pertumbuhan maksimum kalus kultivar ubi kayu Rayong dan kandungan kanjinya. Eksplan dari tangkai petiol dan daun ubi kayu dikulturkan dalam medium MS yang mengandungi pelbagai kombinasi hormon tumbuhan 2,4-D (8, 12 dan 15 mg/L) dan BAP (1, 3 dan 5 mg/L) di bawah tiga tempoh masa pencahayaan (0, 16 dan 24 jam). Saringan parameter paling berpengaruh dilakukan menerusi reka bentuk faktorial 2-peringkat perisian Design Expert v13 melalui analisa frekuensi pembentukan kalus. Semua eksplan daun telah bertukar dari hijau ke perang dan tidak menunjukkan induksi kalus. Bagi eksplan batang daun, frekuensi pembentukan kalus tertinggi diperoleh dari kombinasi 8 mg/L 2,4-D dan 1 mg/L BAP di bawah pencahayaan 24 jam (75%) diikuti dengan 8 mg/L 2,4 D + 1 mg/L BAP di bawah pencahayaan malap (50%). Berdasarkan analisis ANOVA, medium 2,4-D dan BAP masing-masing menunjukkan kesan negatif kepada pembentukan kalus, sementara kombinasi 2,4-D dan BAP memberikan kesan positif. Dapatan ini menunjukkan bahawa pencahayaan tidak signifikan terhadap pembentukan kalus kultur ubi kayu. Kandungan kanji di dalam kalus ubi kayu kemudiannya diuji dengan larutan iodin, dan menunjukkan dapatan sebanyak 0.21% dari berat kalus (0.0101 g). Secara relatif, nilai ini adalah rendah memandangkan eksperimen ini bukan dihasilkan di bawah keadaan optimum bagi pembentukan kanji. Hasil kajian ini membuka peluang kepada kajian-kajian lain di masa hadapan dalam penghasilan kanji dari kultur tisu ubi kayu.</p>Noor Illi Mohamad PuadSoumayat Ali Ibrahim Azlin Suhaida AzmiMuhammad Yusuf Abduh
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2024-01-012024-01-0125111110.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2585INVESTIGATION OF ENHANCED ELECTROCOAGULATION-MEMBRANE PROCESS FOR WATER RECLAMATION FROM PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENTS
https://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal/index.php/iiumej/article/view/2629
<p>The process of electrocoagulation (EC) enhanced with adsorbent addition, as a pre-treatment for ultrafiltration membrane, is widely unexplored in oil palm-based wastewater treatment. Utilizing predetermined EC operational parameters and a defined activated carbon (AC) dosage for biotreated palm oil mill effluents (BPOME), membrane fouling was studied during crossflow membrane filtration at 0.5 bar transmembrane pressure and 1 kDa membrane pore size. The dominant fouling mechanism in membrane filtration without EC-AC pretreatment of BPOME, was cake formation, which was determined through Hermia’s pore blocking models. However, after EC-AC pre-treatment, the membrane fouling was mitigated. Moreover, the pre-treatment process, AC assisted EC, sustainably enhanced the final treated effluent quality in addition to enhancing fouling mitigation in the subsequent membrane filtration. The removal of Total Suspended Solids (TSS), turbidity and color were nearly 100% and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) was 99.7% removed with final value of 5±1 mg/L, which is within the range of reusable water standards.</p> <p><strong><em>ABSTRAK: </em></strong>Proses elektrokoagulasi (EC) yang ditingkatkan dengan bahan penyerap, adalah pra-rawatan bagi membran penuras ultra. Walau bagaimanapun ianya masih belum luas diterokai dalam sistem rawatan air buangan berasaskan kelapa sawit. Mengguna pakai parameter operasi EC pra-tentu dan dos karbon aktif tentu (AC) bagi bio-rawatan efluen kilang kelapa sawit yang terawat (BPOME), mendakan membran telah dikaji menggunakan teknik penurasan membran aliran silang pada tekanan transmembran 0.5 bar dan saiz liang membran 1 kDa. Mekanisme mendakan membran kotoran dominan dalam penurasan membran tanpa pra-rawatan EC-AC BPOME, adalah pembentukan kek, iaitu terhasil melalui model penyumbatan liang Hermia. Walau bagaimanapun, selepas pra-rawatan EC-AC, mendakan kotoran membran dapat dikurangkan. Tambahan, proses pra-rawatan AC-EC, secara mampan dapat menambah kualiti akhir efluen terawat selain dapat meningkatkan mitigasi kotoran mendakan dalam penurasan membran seterusnya. Penyingkiran Total Pepejal Terampai (TSS) adalah 99.7%, kekeruhan dan warna adalah hampir 100%. Keperluan Oksigen Kimia (COD) tersingkir sebanyak 99.7% dengan nilai akhir sebanyak 5±1 mg/L, iaitu dalam julat piawaian air boleh guna semula.</p>Amina TahreenMohammed Saedi JamiFathilah AliNIK RASHIDA NIK ABDUL GHANIRadhia Nedjai
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2024-01-012024-01-01251122510.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2629CHARACTERISATION OF POMACEA CANALICULATA EGGS TREATED WITH PROTEASE
https://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal/index.php/iiumej/article/view/2732
<p><em>Pomacea canaliculata</em> is a type of freshwater snail that has become a major pest in paddy fields, as it feeds on young paddy leaves and stems, thus, posing a serious threat to paddy production. It was named one of the world's top 100 worst invasive species, with serious consequences for the environment, human health, and the social economy. Their hatchability rate is high, which explains their global distribution worldwide. Therefore, it is vital to manage their hatchability to prevent their population from expanding further by understanding the protection that permits the eggs to survive. <em>P. canaliculata</em> eggs are covered with a thin layer of cuticle that is rich in protein to protect the embryo during the hatching process. The biological treatment with protease enzyme successfully hydrolysed the protein cuticle layer, lowering the percentage of hatchability. Disruption of the protein cuticle may have an impact on conductivity, water loss, hatching time, protein content, and other factors. However, documentation of the protease effect on the protein cuticle is scarce. Therefore, the goal of this study is to evaluate the protease treatment on the protein cuticle of <em>P. canaliculata</em> eggs physically (conductivity, water loss, and morphological analysis) and chemically (cuticle protein content, protein breakdown, and amino acid profile). Physical characterisation revealed that protease-treated eggs have higher conductivity and water loss than the control egg. Images taken with a light microscope (LM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed changes in cuticle structure, which explained the protease-induced cuticle hydrolysis. Chemical characterisation revealed a decrease in cuticle protein content, hydrolysis of protein to a small size, and changes in amino acid composition. The physical and chemical analyses strongly suggested that protease can damage the cuticle protein, thus, preventing the eggs from hatching.</p> <p><strong><em>ABSTRAK: </em></strong><em>Pomacea canaliculata </em>adalah sejenis siput air tawar yang telah menjadi perosak utama di sawah padi, kerana ia memakan daun dan batang padi yang muda, sekaligus menimbulkan ancaman serius kepada pengeluaran padi. Ia disenaraikan antara 100 spesis invasif utama dunia dengan kesan serius pada alam sekitar, kesihatan manusia dan sosio-ekonomi. Kadar penetasannya adalah tinggi, meningkatkan penyebaran mereka secara global di seluruh dunia. Oleh itu, adalah sangat penting untuk mengawal populasi ini daripada terus berkembang dengan memahami perlindungan yang membenarkan telur untuk hidup. Telur <em>P.canaliculata</em> dilapisi dengan lapisan kutikel nipis yang kaya dengan protein bagi memberi perlindungan untuk embrio semasa proses penetasan. Rawatan biologi dengan enzim protease telah berjaya menghidrolisis lapisan kutikel protein, sekaligus mengurangkan peratusan penetasan. Gangguan terhadap lapisan kutikel protein mungkin memberi kesan pada konduktiviti, kehilangan air, tempoh penetasan, kandungan protein dan faktor lain. Walau bagaimanapun, kesan protease ke atas kutikel protein adalah kurang. Oleh itu, objektif kajian ini adalah mengkaji rawatan protease ke atas kutikel protein telur <em>P. canaliculata</em> secara fizikal (konduktiviti, kehilangan air, dan analisis imej kutikel) dan secara kimia (kandungan protein kutikel, pecahan protein dan profil asid amino). Ciri fizikal menunjukkan telur yang dirawat protease mempunyai konduksi dan kehilangan air tinggi berbanding telur kawalan. Imej yang diambil dengan mikroskop cahaya (LM) dan mikroskop pengimbas elektron (SEM) mendedahkan perubahan dalam struktur kutikel, yang menjelaskan hidrolisis kutikel yang disebabkan oleh protease. Ciri kimia menunjukkan penurunan kandungan protein kutikel, saiz kecil pada hidrolisis protein, dan perubahan pada kandungan asid amino. Analisis fizikal dan kimia mencadangkan bahawa protease merosakkan protein kutikel, oleh itu menghalang telur daripada menetas.</p>Noor hasyierah Mohd SallehNurhadijah ZainalabidinSiti Noor Hajjar Md Latip
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2024-01-012024-01-01251263910.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2732GROWTH REVIVAL OF GREY OYSTER (PLEUROTUS PULMONARIUS) POWDER CULTURE MUSHROOM FROM THE EFFECT OF SPRAY DRYING TEMPERATURE
https://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal/index.php/iiumej/article/view/2748
<p>In mushroom cultivation, spawn is among the most important factors that ensure a successful production. Considering several drawbacks from both solid and liquid spawn in shelf life and preservation matters, it is suggested that the dry powder form of spawn is a good potential to explore. A study of powder culture formation using a spray dryer involved various inlet temperatures of 80<sup> o</sup>C, 90<sup> o</sup>C, 100<sup> o</sup>C, 110<sup> o</sup>C, 120<sup> o</sup>C and 130 <sup>o</sup>C. The yield % of the dried powder culture was measured and it was found that 130 <sup>o</sup>C yielded the highest percentage of 50.33%. The lowest temperature yielded the lowest percentage. On the other hand, the lowest temperature of 80 <sup>o</sup>C revived the highest mycelium dry weight at 1.68 g which was obtained on the 10<sup>th</sup> day of the incubation periods. The revival ability was decreased with the increase of temperature. The study proved that the powder culture of <em>P. pulmonarius</em> was able to perform and revive whereby it holds a potential to be preserved over a longer period, which is beneficial for the mushroom cultivator.</p> <p><strong><em>ABSTRAK:</em></strong> Dalam penanaman cendawan, benih yang baik adalah antara faktor penting yang memastikan penghasilan tinggi. Terdapat beberapa kelemahan daripada benih pepejal dan cecair dalam memastikan jangka hayat berpanjangan serta memastikan benih dalam keadaan berkualiti sepanjang masa. Oleh itu, penghasilan benih cendawan dalam bentuk serbuk kering sangat berpotensi untuk diterokai. Kajian mengenai penghasilan kultur serbuk menggunakan semburan kering telah melibatkan pelbagai suhu salur masuk seperti 80<sup> o</sup>C, 90<sup> o</sup>C, 100<sup> o</sup>C, 110<sup> o</sup>C, 120<sup> o</sup>C dan 130 <sup>o</sup>C. Peratus penghasilan kultur serbuk kering telah diukur dan didapati pada suhu 130<sup> o</sup>C menghasilkan peratusan tertinggi iaitu sebanyak 50.33%, manakala suhu terendah menghasilkan peratusan terendah. Sebaliknya, suhu terendah pada 80<sup> o</sup>C menumbuhkan semula berat kering miselium dengan bacaan tertinggi iaitu sebanyak 1.68 g diperoleh pada hari ke-10 tempoh inkubasi. Keupayaan menumbuh berkurangan dengan peningkatan suhu. Kajian membuktikan bahawa kultur serbuk <em>P. pulmonarius</em> mampu berfungsi dan tumbuh semula di mana ianya berpotensi disimpan dalam tempoh lama, ini berfaedah kepada penanaman cendawan.</p>Zarina ZakariaFatihah AzizMohd Sharizan Md SaripNoor Hasyierah Mohd Salleh
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2024-01-012024-01-01251404610.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2748BIPHASIC CRUDE PALM OIL DECHLORINATION: EFFECT OF VOLUME RATIO AND CONCENTRATION OF SODIUM SILICATE TO HYDROXIDE ION DISTRIBUTION
https://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal/index.php/iiumej/article/view/2882
<p>Dechlorination of crude palm oil (CPO) to prevent toxic contaminant formation inspired studies of applying alkaline in its treatments. This paper reports distribution of hydroxide ion (OH<sup>-</sup>) from sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (SS) between aqueous solution and CPO under equilibrium systems to moderate its presence in CPO and minimize saponification. In this study, OH<sup>-</sup> was determined through pH measurements, which also indicated sodium hydroxide (NaOH) presence. Filtered CPO was mixed with SS solution at room temperature in various volume ratios and SS concentrations under 800-rpm agitation before being settling down to form layers of liquids. The One-Factor-in-A-Time approach was used to optimize the ratio. Acid value test and GCMS analyses were used to determine free fatty acids. Calibration curve construction revealed 0.0818 of OH<sup>-</sup> dissociation constant. SS solution could turn to acidic at 6.344 × 10<sup>-5</sup> g/ml of concentration probably due to hydrated silica. Using 0.01 g/ml SS solution, volume ratios between CPO and SS solution spanning from 0.33 to 3 were all under alkaline conditions but decreasing OH<sup>-</sup> concentration, where 2 liquid phases only appeared in the ratio of 2.33 and 3. Concentration of SS was then varied for the 2.33 volume ratio and a sigmoid trend of OH<sup>-</sup> increase was evident. The McCabe-Thiele plot revealed hydroxide ion equilibrium below operating line suggesting its extraction impossibility to CPO.</p> <p><strong><em>ABSTRAK: </em></strong>Penyahklorinan minyak sawit mentah (MSM) bertujuan mencegah pembentukan bahan cemar toksik telah mendorong penggunaan alkali dalam rawatan minyak itu. Manuskrip ini melaporkan taburan ion hidroksida (OH<sup>-</sup>) daripada sodium hidroksida dan sodium silikat (SS) antara larutan akueus dan MSM di bawah keadaan penampan untuk mengurangkan kehadirannya dalam MSM bagi mengelakkan pembentukan sabun. Dalam kajian ini, kepekatan OH<sup>-</sup> ditentukan melalui pengukuran pH, yang juga merupakan petunjuk kepada kewujudan NaOH. MSM yang ditapis dicampur dengan larutan SS pada suhu bilik dalam pelbagai nisbah isipadu dan kepekatan di bawah pengadukan 800 rpm sebelum diendapkan untuk membentuk lapisan cecair. Pendekatan Satu-Faktor-Sekali telah digunakan untuk mengoptimakan nisbah tersebut. Ujian nilai asid dan analisis GCMS digunakan untuk menentukan kandungan asid lemak bebas. Penjanaan lengkung penentu-ukuran membolehkan pemalar pelepasan OH<sup>-</sup> diperoleh iaitu 0.0818. Larutan SS boleh bertukar asid pada kepekatan 6.344 × 10<sup>-5</sup> g/ml mungkin disebabkan silika yang terhidrasi. Dengan menggunakan larutan SS 0.01 g/ml, nisbah isipadu antara MSM dan larutan SS dari 0.33 ke 3 berkeadaan alkali dan menurun kepekatan hidroksida. 2 fasa cecair hanya wujud pada nisbah 2.33 dan 3. Kemudian kepekatan SS diubah-ubah untuk nisbah isipadi 2.33 itu dan corak sigmoid hidroksida diperoleh. Plot McCabe-Thiele mendapati keseimbangan kepekatan hidroksida berada di bawah garisan operasi menunjukkan pengekstrakan adalah mustahil berlaku terhadap OH<sup>-</sup> ke dalam MSM.</p>Zulfa Kurnia Umani HariSyamsul Bahari AbdullahSaidatul Shima JamariChe Rahmat Che MatMohd Sabri Mahmud
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2024-01-012024-01-01251475810.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2882ADSORPTION PERFORMANCE OF FIXED-BED COLUMNS FOR THE REMOVAL OF PHENOL USING BAOBAB FRUIT SHELL BASED ACTIVATED CARBON
https://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal/index.php/iiumej/article/view/2932
<p>A continuous adsorption study in a fixed-bed column using baobab fruit shell activated carbon (BF-AC) was investigated for phenol removal from an aqueous solution. Baobab fruit shell (BFS) was chemically activated using potassium hydroxide (KOH) at 700 °C in a nitrogen (N<sub>2</sub>) atmosphere. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and BET surface area analyses were performed for the characterization of BF-AC. Fixed-bed experiments were carried out and the effect of feed flowrate (10, 15, 20 mL/min) and bed height (5, 10, 15 cm) on the adsorption were investigated by evaluating the breakthrough curves. BET surface area of BF-AC was 1263 m<sup>2</sup>/g, indicating its well-developed pores and its good quality as an adsorbent. The findings showed that the exhaustion time (<em>t</em><em><sub>????</sub></em>) and breakthrough time (<em>t<sub>b</sub></em>) reduced as the flowrate augmented, while they increased as the bed height augmented. With the increase in the bed height and the flowrate, phenol solution volume treated was augmented. Also, BF-AC with bed height of 15 cm provided better elimination of phenol with carbon usage rate (CUR) of 1.74 g/L and empty bed contact time (EBCT) of 9.9 minutes. According to the findings, BF-AC is an effective adsorbent for removing phenol from aqueous solutions.</p> <p><strong><em>ABSTRAK: </em></strong>Kajian penjerapan berterusan menggunakan kulit buah baobab diaktifkan karbon (BF-AC) telah dikaji mengguna pakai kolum lapisan tetap bagi penyingkiran fenol daripada larutan cecair. Kulit buah Baobab (BFS) diaktifkan secara kimia menggunakan kalium hidroksida (KOH) pada suhu 700 °C dalam atmosfera nitrogen (N<sub>2</sub>). Imbasan mikroskop elektron (SEM), pembelahan sinar-X (XRD, dan analisis permukaan BET dijalankan bagi pencirian BF-AC. Eksperimen kolum lapisan tetap bagi mengkaji kesan penjerapan pada aliran suapan (10, 15, 20 mL/min) dengan ketinggian (5, 10, 15 cm) dinilai melalui lengkung bulus. Kawasan permukaan BET BF-AC adalah 1263 m<sup>2</sup>/g, menunjukkan liang yang elok terbentuk dan berkualiti baik sebagai penyerap. Penemuan ini menunjukkan bahawa puncak masa maksima (<em>t</em><em><sub>????</sub></em>) dan masa terbaik (<em>t<sub>b</sub></em>) berkurangan pada kadar aliran bertambah, sebaliknya ianya meningkat pada ketinggian bertambah. Dengan penambahan ketinggian katil dan kadar aliran, jumlah larutan fenol yang dirawat telah bertambah. Selain itu, BF-AC pada ketinggian 15 cm menunjukkan penghapusan fenol terbaik pada kadar penggunaan karbon (CUR) 1.74 g/L dan masa sentuhan kolum kosong (EBCT) 9.9 minit. Ini menunjukkan, BF-AC adalah penyerap yang berkesan bagi menyingkirkan fenol daripada larutan cecair.</p>Radhia NedjaiNassereldeen KabbashiMd Zahangir AlamMaan AlkhatibAmina TahreenAbdullah Al Mamun
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2024-01-012024-01-01251597110.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2932INFLUENCE OF CURING CONDITIONS ON THE EARLY STRENGTH OF LOW TEMPERATURE BELITE CEMENTS
https://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal/index.php/iiumej/article/view/2829
<p>Low temperature belite cements are produced using techniques that stabilize the more reactive high temperature polymorphs of dicalcium silicate (C<sub>2</sub>S) to improve early strength, but the effect of curing conditions on them is not well studied. The focus of this work is to assess the improvement of their early strength in different curing conditions. During the synthesis of the cements at 1000 ºC, the more reactive polymorphs, -C<sub>2</sub>S and ?-C<sub>2</sub>S, were stabilized using gypsum and hydrothermal treatment with potassium hydroxide. The phase composition of the synthesized cements was analysed using X-ray powder diffraction. The morphology and elemental composition of the C<sub>2</sub>S crystals and hydrated pastes was determined using a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray system. Mortar samples were cured in different conditions that include hot air and hot water curing at 60 ºC and 90 ºC. The 28-day strength development, capillary water porosity, water absorption, and ultrasonic pulse velocity were tested. The formation of hydration products and strength was dependent on the type of C<sub>2</sub>S polymorph. Curing at elevated temperatures improved the transport properties of mortars. Samples cured at 90 ºC in hot air obtained the highest early strength. The presence of -C<sub>2</sub>S and elevated curing temperatures significantly improve the early strength of the mortar samples.</p> <p><strong><em>ABSTRAK: </em></strong>Simen belite suhu rendah dihasilkan melalui teknik menstabilkan reaktif polimof dikalsium silikat (C<sub>2</sub>S) bersuhu tinggi bagi meningkatkan kekuatan awal, tetapi kesan keadaan pengawetan ke atasnya tidak dikaji dengan baik. Fokus kerja ini adalah bagi menilai peningkatan kekuatan awal pada keadaan pengawetan berbeza. Sintesis simen pada suhu 1000 ºC, iaitu pada polimof lebih reaktif, -C<sub>2</sub>S dan ?-C<sub>2</sub>S, telah distabilkan menggunakan rawatan gipsum dan hidroterma dengan kalium hidroksida. Fasa komposisi simen tersintesis dianalisa menggunakan pembelauan serbuk sinar-X. Komposisi morfologi dan unsur kristal C<sub>2</sub>S dan pes terhidrat ditentukan menggunakan pengimbas mikroskop elektron yang dilengkapi sistem sinar-X penyebar tenaga. Sampel mortar telah diawetkan dalam keadaan berbeza termasuk pengawetan udara panas dan air panas pada suhu 60 ºC dan 90 ºC. Perkembangan kekuatan keliangan kapilari air, penyerapan air, dan halaju nadi ultrasonik telah diuji pada hari ke 28. Pembentukan produk penghidratan dan kekuatan adalah bergantung kepada jenis polimof C<sub>2</sub>S. Pengawetan pada suhu tinggi meningkatkan sifat pengangkutan mortar. Sampel yang diawet pada 90 ºC dalam udara panas memperoleh kekuatan awal tertinggi. Kehadiran -C<sub>2</sub>S dan suhu pengawetan tinggi dengan ketara meningkatkan kekuatan awal sampel mortar.</p>Sambo Gwandu HaliruRodiah Zawawi
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2024-01-012024-01-01251728610.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2829THE EFFECT OF INDUSTRIAL AND WASTE FIBERS ON CONCRETE STRENGTH AND STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF RC SHORT COLUMNS
https://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal/index.php/iiumej/article/view/2847
<p>Concrete is a brittle substance; thus, it is reinforced with rebars and fibers to enhance its ductility. On the other hand, the presence of waste from various industries negatively impacts the environment. The ongoing reconstruction in Iraq has resulted in an abundance of locally produced rebar-connecting wire (RCW) and copper electric wire (CEW) waste. To minimize the environmental impact of these wastes, they can be reused in other industries, such as the concrete industry. Few studies have dealt with concrete's structural and mechanical properties containing these local residues. Therefore, this study included an experimental investigation of concrete columns with and without various types of industrial and waste fibers. Two types of industrial fibers (macro hooked-end; CH, and micro straight; CS) steel fibers and two types of waste fibers (RCW and CEW) were utilized. Six reinforced concrete (RC) columns (150 × 150 × 450 mm<sup>3</sup>) were cast: one control column without fibers and five columns with fibers. The fiber content within the columns was fixed at 0.75% of the concrete volume. The cracks pattern, load-deflection behavior and concrete strain for RC columns were investigated. Moreover, the mechanical properties in terms of compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strengths tests were also conducted. The results revealed that all types of fibers used improved the mechanical and structural properties of the concrete. Moreover, although the hybrid synthetic fibers gave the best improvement compared to the reference sample, the waste fibers (especially RCW) showed a significant improvement that reached 30.91% in relation to the ultimate load and (10.1, 10.8 and 14.4%) in relation to the compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths respectively.</p> <p><strong><em>ABSTRAK:</em></strong> Konkrit adalah material rapuh; oleh itu ianya dikuatkan dengan besi dan fiber bagi menguatkan kekuatannya. Dalam masa sama, kehadiran bahan buangan dalam pelbagai industri memberi kesan negatif kepada persekitaran. Penstrukturan semula Iraq yang sedang berlangsung memberi kesan kepada kebanjiran bahan buangan seperti besi penghubung litar (RCW) dan litar elektrik tembaga (CEW) buatan tempatan. Bagi mengurangkan kesan pencemaran terhadap alam sekitar, bahan-bahan ini boleh diguna balik dalam industri berbeza, seperti industri konkrit. Terdapat banyak kajian terhadap buangan tempatan yang melibatkan struktur bahan konkrit dan sifat mekanikal. Oleh itu, kajian ini merupakan kajian eksperimen pasak konkrit dengan atau tanpa pelbagai jenis industri dan fiber buangan. Dua jenis fiber industri iaitu fiber besi (mikro hujung-penyangkut; CH dan mikro lurus; CS) dan dua jenis fiber buangan (RCW dan CEW) dipakai. Enam RC pasak konkrit (150 × 150 × 450 mm<sup>3</sup>) dihasilkan: satu pasak kawalan tanpa fiber dan lima pasak dengan fiber. Kandungan fiber dalam pasak di tetapkan pada 0.75% isipadu konkrit. Corak rekahan, ciri-ciri kesan beban dan tekanan konkrit pada pasak RC dikaji. Tambahan, kajian terhadap ciri-ciri mekanikal berdasarkan tekanan, rekahan tensil dan kekuatan anjalan telah dijalankan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan kesemua fiber yang digunakan menambah baik ciri-ciri mekanikal dan struktur konkrit. Tambahan lagi, walaupun fiber sintetik hibrid menunjukkan paling baik berbanding sampel contoh, fiber buangan (terutama RCW) menunjukkan pembaharuan ketara mencapai 30.91% berbanding beban maksimum dan masing-masing menunjukkan 10.1, 10.8 dan 14.4% pada tekanan, rekahan tensil dan kekuatan anjalan.</p>Maryam Naser Mayadah FalahFatimah NaserMohammed NasrTameem HashimAli Shubbar
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2024-01-012024-01-012518710110.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2847KEY SUCCESS FACTORS IN ROAD MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT PROJECTS (A CASE STUDY OF MAYSAN PROVINCE, IRAQ)
https://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal/index.php/iiumej/article/view/2870
<p>Developing roads is a crucial and essential activity, but maintaining them regularly is equally important to improve their performance. A well-maintained road network facilitates economic, industrial, cultural, and social growth. Once the construction phase of a road is complete, its operating phase commences, which is subject to wear and tear due to various factors like traffic and weather conditions. Hence, regular and continuous road maintenance activities are essential to increase the useful life of roads and manage national resources effectively. However, road maintenance management in Iraq, particularly in the province of Maysan, is suffering from poor performance due to the absence of an effective maintenance management system. Therefore, this research aims to identify the critical success factors of road maintenance projects, with a focus on the Maysan province as a case study of Iraq. The study identified and analyzed 27 key success factors in road maintenance projects, which were classified into three groups: management, technical, and resources. Based on the analysis of the literature review and field study in Maysan province, the top five key success factors were determined to be: 1. Adequate funds; 2. Timely payment to contractor and employees; 3. Quality of materials; 4. Use of advanced technology to detect or evaluate road defects; and 5. Communication and coordination among parties.</p> <p><strong><em>ABSTRAK: </em></strong>Pembangunan jalan adalah sangat penting bagi aktiviti harian, tetapi penyelenggara secara berkala adalah sama penting bagi menambah baik prestasi jalan. Jaringan jalan yang terpelihara membantu dalam ekonomi, industri, budaya, dan perkembangan sosial. Sebaik fasa pembangunan jalan siap, fasa operasi bermula, bergantung pada tahap jalan disebabkan pelbagai faktor seperti trafik dan kondisi jalan. Oleh itu, penyelenggaraan jalan berkala dan berterusan sangat penting kepada jangka hayat jalan dan ianya dapat menyumbang kepada pengurusan sumber negara dengan efektif. Walau bagaimanapun, penyelenggaraan jalan di Iraq, khususnya di daerah Maysan, memiliki kekurangan dalam penyelenggaraan jalan disebabkan oleh ketiadaan sistem pengurusan jalan yang efektif. Oleh itu, kajian ini menumpukan tentang mencari faktor kejayaan penting sesebuah projek penyelenggaraan jalan, sebagai fokus kes kajian ini dipilih di daerah Maysan, di Iraq. Kajian ini merincikan dan menilai 27 kunci kejayaan dalam projek penyelenggaraan jalan di bawah 3 kumpulan: pengurusan, teknikal dan sumber. Berdasarkan analis dapatan kajian terdahulu dan bidang kajian di daerah Maysan, lima kunci faktor kejayaan didapati dari: 1. Sumber yang mencukupi; 2. Pembayaran tepat kepada kontraktor dan pekerja; 3. Material kualiti; 4. Pengunaan teknologi moden bagi mengesan dan menganalisa kerosakan jalan; dan 5. Komunikasi dan koordinasi antara semua yang terlibat.</p>Milad GhanbariZaid Khalid Hasani
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2024-01-012024-01-0125110211410.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2870EFFECTS OF SOIL ERODIBILITY ON RIVERBANK EROSION AND FAILURES
https://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal/index.php/iiumej/article/view/2959
<p>Riverbank erosion is a natural process of removal of earthen materials from the bank surface. The process of riverbank erosion that is induced naturally results in the formation of landforms such as valleys, canyons, and productive floodplains. However, riverbank erosion can also be considered a hazard when the process occurs at an alarming rate causing loss of land. The extent of erosion depends on many factors. One of the main factors responsible for riverbank erosion is the soil erodibility which is the resistance of soil to erosion. The aim of this study is to quantify the riverbank erosion rates and the potential magnitude of riverbank erosion in order to generate an empirical predictive model to estimate riverbank erosion from physical and geomorphic variables for rivers susceptible to riverbank erosion. Several models were trained using the Regression Learner application in MATLAB software. Models that include soil erodibility parameters perform better than the models without the soil erodibility parameters. The model with the highest accuracy was found to be Model 2, with Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 3.70E-08 and coefficient of determination, R<sup>2</sup> of 0.55. The model produced in this study will be helpful to analyze and predict the effects of riverbank erosion and assist in the development of bank stabilization solution.</p> <p><strong><em>ABSTRAK: </em></strong>Hakisan tebing sungai adalah proses semula jadi terhadap penyingkiran bahan tanah dari permukaan tebing. Proses hakisan tebing sungai yang terjadi secara semula jadi ini mengakibatkan pembentukan bentuk muka bumi seperti lembah, ngarai dan dataran banjir yang produktif. Bagaimanapun, hakisan tebing sungai juga boleh dianggap sebagai ancaman apabila proses berlaku pada kadar membimbangkan sehingga menyebabkan kehilangan tanah. Tahap hakisan bergantung pada banyak faktor. Salah satu faktor utama yang menyebabkan hakisan tebing sungai adalah kebolehhakisan tanah iaitu ketahanan tanah terhadap hakisan. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur kadar hakisan tebing sungai, mengkaji potensi magnitud hakisan tebing sungai dan menghasilkan model ramalan empirik bagi menganggarkan hakisan tebing sungai daripada pembolehubah fizikal dan geomorfik bagi sungai yang terdedah kepada hakisan tebing sungai. Beberapa model telah dilatih menggunakan aplikasi <em>Regression Learner </em>dalam perisian MATLAB. Dapatan menunjukkan model yang mengandungi parameter kebolehhakisan tanah adalah lebih baik berbanding model tanpa parameter kebolehhakisan tanah. Model 2 didapati mempunyai ketepatan tertinggi dengan ralat punca min kuasa dua (RMSE) sebanyak 3.70E-08 dan pekali penentuan, R<sup>2</sup> sebanyak 0.55. Model dalam kajian ini dapat membantu dalam analisa berkaitan kesan hakisan tebing sungai dan penyelesaian kepada pembangunan kestabilan tebing.</p>Nur Aqilah Mohd RosliSaerahany Legori IbrahimSiti Hajar Yusoff
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2024-01-012024-01-0125111512710.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2959COMPARISON OF THE MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF DENSE GRADING AND POROUS GRADING MIXTURE UTILIZED WITH CRUMB RUBBER MODIFIED BINDER
https://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal/index.php/iiumej/article/view/2969
<p>Pavement and road networks play a very huge role in everyone’s daily lives to connect from one point to another point. With globalization, growth in the economy, and development, the number of vehicles traveling each day on the road increases rapidly over the years. Thus, the constant application of heavy loads together with Malaysia’s climatic factors lead the pavement to be susceptible to deterioration such as potholes and cracking. The service life and resistance of the pavement to deterioration can be improved with the incorporation of crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB) for asphaltic pavement. Hence, the objective of this research is to do a comparative evaluation of the mechanical performance of the CRMB that is utilized in dense grading and porous grading mixtures with varying percentage of crumb rubber replacement. The experimental portion of the research was done by substituting the crumb rubber at the replacement percentages of 12%, 14%, 16% and 18% (from the weight of asphalt binder) in preparing the modified binder that was further evaluated by conducting physical testing (penetration and softening point test). Then, the mechanical evaluation of dense and porous grading asphalt mixtures incorporating the crumb rubber was performed with Marshall stability and flow prior to comparing the strength performance for both asphalt mixtures. Based on the result obtained, it was found that the highest percentage of crumb rubber replacement, which is 18%, would give the highest level of stiffness and softening point on the binder. Furthermore, from the Marshall test, it was established that 16% of crumb rubber replacement on asphaltic binder is the most optimum for a porous mixture, given that the CRMB is 5% of the total mix. Nonetheless, at the same 16% of crumb rubber replacement, the value for Marshall test on the dense mixture shows an adverse result when compared to the control. Hence, it was concluded that the mechanical performance of CRMB utilized with porous mixtures shows more impressive results compared CRMB utilized with dense mixtures.</p> <p><strong><em>ABSTRAK: </em></strong>Turapan dan rangkaian jalan raya memainkan peranan besar dalam kehidupan harian setiap orang dalam berhubung dari tempat ke tempat lain. Melalui globalisasi dan pertumbuhan ekonomi dan pembangunan, bilangan kenderaan bergerak setiap hari di atas jalan raya telah meningkat mendadak beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini. Oleh itu, beban berat berterusan bersama-sama faktor iklim Malaysia menyebabkan turapan jalan terdedah kepada kerosakan seperti jalan berlubang dan keretakan. Jangka hayat perkhidmatan dan rintangan turapan terhadap kerosakan jalan boleh diperbaiki melalui turapan asfaltik yang diubah suai dengan pengikat serbuk getah (CRMB). Justeru, kajian ini bertujuan bagi membanding prestasi mekanikal CRMB yang digunakan dalam campuran penggredan padat dan campuran berliang dengan peratusan penggantian serbuk getah berbeza. Kajian dijalankan dengan menggantikan serbuk getah pada peratusan penggantian pada 12%, 14%, 16% dan 18% (daripada berat pengikat asfalt) dalam menyediakan bahan pengikat yang diubah suai dan seterusnya dinilai melalui ujian fizikal (ujian takat penembusan dan takat lembut). Kemudian, penilaian mekanikal dijalankan ke atas campuran serbuk getah bersama asfalt bergred padat dan berliang. Kajian dijalankan mengguna pakai ujian kestabilan dan aliran Marshall sebelum membandingkan prestasi kekuatan bagi kedua-dua campuran asfalt. Keputusan menunjukkan dapatan peratusan pada 18% memberikan tahap kekakuan dan takat lembut tertinggi pada bahan penggantian pengikat serbuk getah. Tambahan, ujian Marshall menunjukkan 16% daripada penggantian serbuk getah pada pengikat asfaltik adalah paling optimum pada campuran berliang, di mana 5% daripada jumlah campuran merupakan CRMB. Namun, ujian Marshall pada campuran padat dengan penggantian serbuk getah 16% yang sama, menunjukkan dapatan nilai buruk berbanding pada kawalan. Oleh itu, prestasi mekanikal CRMB yang digunakan bersama campuran berliang menunjukkan dapatan lebih mengagumkan berbanding CRMB yang digunakan melalui campuran padat.</p>NOOR YUSRIAH ESAWan Nur AifaNORHIDAYU KASIMNUR KHAIRIYAH BASRI
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2024-01-012024-01-0125112814110.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2969MIXING SEQUENCE EFFECT OF CEMENT COMPOSITES WITH CARBON FIBRES
https://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal/index.php/iiumej/article/view/2983
<p>Carbon fibres are widely recognised as reinforcement materials that effectively control cracks in concrete structures. Nonetheless, these fibres do not disperse uniformly inside the cement matrix, disrupting the mixture homogeneity. To address this concern, this study investigated two distinct mixing sequences of cement composites with carbon fibres. Two mixing sequences were investigated including the addition of fibres after cement (AC-CF) and the addition of fibres before cement (BC-CF). The surface topography of carbon fibres and the engineering properties of the cement paste were also examined. Consequently, carbon fibres in cement composite produced lower flowability due to the surface roughness. The AC-CF specimen demonstrated the highest hardened density at 28 days with 2679.22 kg/m<sup>3</sup> followed by BC-CF and the control specimen with 2386.08 kg/m<sup>3</sup> and 2278.36 kg/<sup>3</sup>, respectively. The AC-CF specimen also had the highest compressive strength at 28 days with 69.91 MPa, followed by BC-CF and the control specimen with 65.92 MPa and 63.20 MPa, respectively. Further, the flexural strength of the AC-CF specimen exhibited the highest strength with 10.86 MPa, followed by BC-CF and the control specimen with 9.35 MPa and 9.17, respectively. The fibre dispersion in AC-CF was also superior to BC-CF. Therefore, it can be concluded that the best mixing sequence is the addition of fibre after cement (AC-CF) because it had better fibre dispersion and engineering properties compared to the addition of fibre before cement (BC-CF).</p> <p><strong><em>ABSTRAK: </em></strong>Gentian karbon lebih dikenali sebagai bahan bantuan yang berkesan dalam mengawal keretakan pada struktur konkrit. Walau bagaimanapun, gentian ini tidak tersebar secara seragam di dalam matrik simen dan akan mengganggu kehomogenan campuran. Bagi mengatasi masalah ini, kajian ini mengkaji tentang dua susunan campuran berbeza simen komposit dengan gentian karbon. Dua susunan campuran ini adalah melalui penambahan gentian selepas simen (AC-CF) dan penambahan gentian sebelum simen (BC-CF). Permukaan topografi gentian karbon dan sifat kejuruteraan pes simen turut diperiksa. Kajian mendapati bahawa gentian karbon dalam komposit simen mengurangkan kebolehaliran pes simen disebabkan oleh kekasaran pada permukaan gentian. Spesimen AC-CF menunjukkan ketumpatan pengerasan tertinggi pada hari ke-28 dengan 2679.22 kg/m<sup>3</sup> diikuti spesimen BC-CF dan spesimen kawalan sebanyak 2386.08 kg/m<sup>3</sup> dan 2278.36 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, masing-masing. Spesimen AC-CF juga mempunyai kekuatan mampatan tertinggi pada hari ke-28 dengan 69.91 MPa, diikuti oleh spesimen BC-CF dan spesimen kawalan sebanyak 65.92 MPa dan 63.20 MPa, masing-masing. Seterusnya, kekuatan lenturan spesimen AC-CF menunjukkan kekuatan tertinggi dengan 10.86 MPa, diikuti spesimen BC-CF and spesimen kawalan dengan 9.35 MPa dan 9.17 MPa, masing-masing. Penyebaran gentian dalam AC-CF juga lebih baik daripada BC-CF. Oleh itu, kajian ini merumuskan bahawa susunan campuran terbaik adalah dengan penambahan gentian selepas simen (AC-CF) kerana ia mempunyai kekuatan lenturan gentian terbaik dan sifat kejuruteraan berbanding penambahan gentian sebelum simen <br />(BC-CF).</p>Ahmad Nurfaidhi RizalmanEliezer Nevall AnthonyAnand Ryan ThurairajahSheikh Mohd Iqbal S.Z.A.Muhd Fauzy Sulaiman
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2024-01-012024-01-0125114215210.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2983STRATEGIES TO REDUCE THE NUMBER OF SEVERELY INJURED VICTIMS IN ADOLESCENT MOTORCYCLE RIDERS
https://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal/index.php/iiumej/article/view/2997
<p>Statistical data in 2021 in Indonesia shows that the number of accident victims reached 103,645 cases. Around 25% of these accident victims were underage drivers. For this reason, efforts must be made to minimize the number of accident victims, especially avoiding severe injuries. The criteria for respondents are motorcycle riders aged 12 - 25 years who are still categorized as adolescent riders. The data collection was carried out by interviewing respondents for approximately 10 minutes. For data analysis, the number of respondents used was 308 respondents. The location for data collection was Riau Province, Indonesia. The data was analyzed by Bayesian network. To get a good model, the basic model was validated. The number of respondents used to validate this model was 107 respondents. The results of the analysis show that the probability of an adolescent driver to experience severe injury is 27% and mild injury is 73%.Scenario 1 shows that poor driving performance will increase the probability of severe injury by 3%.Scenario 2 shows that driver fatigue will increase the probability of severe injury by 3%.Scenario 3 shows that drivers who conduct traffic violations will increase the probability of severe injury by 5%.Scenario 4 shows that drivers who perform long trips(more than 1 hour) increase their fatigue from 28% to 60%, which also increases the probability of severe injury by 1%.Scenario 5 shows that late night driving (between 24:00 – 06:00) not only increases the probability of fatigue but also increases the probability of severe injury by 1%.Strategic steps to reduce severe injury among adolescent motorcyclists include driving with good performance, avoiding fatigue-inducing conditions, abiding by all traffic rules, and avoiding driving between the hours of 24:00-06:00.</p> <p><strong><em>ABSTRAK: </em></strong>Data statistik pada tahun 2021 di Indonesia menunjukkan jumlah mangsa kemalangan mencapai 103,645 kes. Kira-kira 25% mangsa kemalangan ini adalah pemandu bawah umur. Oleh itu, usaha perlu dilaksanakan bagi meminimumkan mangsa kemalangan, terutama dalam mengelakkan kecederaan parah. Kriteria responden adalah penunggang motosikal berumur 12 - 25 tahun yang masih dikategori sebagai penunggang remaja. Pengumpulan data dijalankan dengan menemu bual responden selama lebih kurang 10 minit. Analisis data ini melibatkan 308 orang responden. Lokasi pengumpulan data adalah di Riau, Indonesia. Data dianalisis dengan rangkaian Bayesian. Bagi mendapatkan model terbaik, model asas telah disahkan. Bilangan responden yang terlibat dalam mengesahkan model ini adalah seramai 107 orang responden. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan kebarangkalian pemandu remaja yang mengalami kecederaan parah adalah 27% dan cedera ringan sebanyak 73%. Senario 1 menunjukkan pemanduan tidak berhemah akan meningkatkan kebarangkalian cedera parah sebanyak 3%. Senario 2 menunjukkan bahawa memandu dalam keadaan letih akan meningkatkan kebarangkalian cedera parah sebanyak 3%. Senario 3 menunjukkan bahawa pemandu yang melanggar peraturan lalu lintas akan meningkatkan kebarangkalian cedera parah sebanyak 5%. Senario 4 menunjukkan pemandu yang melakukan perjalanan melebihi 1 jam akan meningkatkan keletihan dari 28% kepada 60%, juga menyumbang kepada peningkatan kebarangkalian cedera parah sebanyak 1%. Senario 5 menunjukkan bahawa pemanduan lewat malam (antara 24.00 – 06.00) bukan sahaja meningkatkan kebarangkalian keletihan tetapi juga meningkatkan kebarangkalian cedera parah sebanyak 1%. Langkah strategik bagi mengurangkan kecederaan parah di kalangan penunggang motosikal remaja termasuk: memandu dengan berhemah, tidak memandu dalam keadaan letih, mematuhi segala undang-undang jalan raya dan mengelak dari memandu pada jam 24.00 hingga 06.00.</p>Pada LumbaAnton AriyantoAhmad Fathoni
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2024-01-012024-01-0125115316610.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2997THIOL FUNCTIONALIZED GOLD NANOBIPYRAMIDS-BASED PLASMONIC SENSOR FOR GLUCOSE DETECTION
https://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal/index.php/iiumej/article/view/2811
<p>Gold nanobipyramids (GNBPs) have high selectivity in detecting changes in their surrounding medium because of their electric field enhancements and larger surface areas. In this study, we functionalized GNBPs using a thiol group that acts as a ligand to improve the detection performance of the analytes. The investigation is carried out by varying the functionalization periods from 12 to 72 hours. The optimum thiol-functionalized GNBPs (t-GNBPs) are obtained in 60 hours, with a length of 36.84 ± 2.05 nm, a width of 24.02 ± 0.74 nm, and an aspect ratio of 1.54 ± 0.11. Then, the optimum t-GNBPs are used as a sensing material in a plasmonic sensor to detect glucose. The limit of detection (LoD) of glucose is 1 µM for this sensor. The plasmonic sensor has been successfully built with reliable performance in detecting glucose with excellent linearity, sensitivity and R<sup>2</sup> = 1; good selectivity compared to four similar chemical structure analytes; high stability with a low error value, i.e., ± 0.02 a.u.; and almost consistent repeatability values in each cycle with low percent variance of 0.000025% for the t-SPR area and 0.000032% for the l-SPR area. Therefore, a plasmonic sensor based on t-GNBPs is an alternative method of detecting glucose with high sensitivity, selectivity and repeatability.</p> <p><strong><em>ABSTRAK:</em></strong> Nanobipiramid Emas (GNBPs) memiliki selektiviti yang tinggi dalam mengesan perubahan medium sekitar kerana memiliki peningkatan medan elektrik dan luas permukaan yang besar. Kajian ini merupakan fungsionalisasi terhadap GNBPs dengan menggunakan kumpulan thiol sebagai ligan bagi meningkatkan prestasi pengesanan analit. Kajian ini dilakukan dengan mempelbagaikan tempoh masa fungsionalisasi dalam julat waktu 12 hingga 72 jam. GNBPs optimum yang difungsionalisasi oleh thiol (t-GNBPs) diperoleh pada 60 jam, dengan panjang 36.84 ± 2.05 nm, lebar 24.02 ± 0.74 nm, dan nisbah aspek 1.54 ± 0.11. Kemudian, t-GNBPs optimum digunakan sebagai bahan penderia pada sensor plasmonik bagi mengesan glukosa. Limit pengesanan glukosa (LoD) bagi sensor ini adalah sebanyak 10<sup>0</sup> µM. Sensor plasmonik telah berhasil dibangunkan dengan kecekapan boleh percaya dalam mengesan glukosa dengan lineariti dan sensitiviti sebanyak R<sup>2</sup> = 1. Pemilihan yang baik dibandingkan dengan 4 analit yang sama dari segi struktur kimia. Kestabilan yang tinggi dengan nilai ralat rendah iaitu ± 0.02 a.u, dan memiliki nilai keberulangan yang hampir konsisten pada setiap kitar dengan peratusan varian rendah iaitu sebanyak 0.000025% bagi bahagian t-SPR dan 0.000032% bagi l-SPR. Oleh itu, pengesan plasmonik berdasarkan t-GNBPs ini adalah kaedah alternatif bagi mengesan glukosa dengan sensitiviti, selektiviti, dan kebolehulangan yang tinggi.</p>Natasya SalsabiilaMarlia MorsinMuhammad Hanif HasbullahSuratun NafisahNur Liyana RazaliIwantono
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2024-01-012024-01-0125127429010.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2811INVESTIGATION OF THE PROPERTIES OF LITHIUM-CONTAINING CERAMICS BASED ON LOW-PLASTIC CLAY
https://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal/index.php/iiumej/article/view/2925
<p>Nowadays the production of construction materials and items is a multi-tonnage and actively developing production sphere. The regulatory requirements imposed on construction materials and products provide the assessment of their quality and application efficiency in construction or reconstruction of buildings and structures. The constantly increasing regulatory requirements and the limited availability of high-quality natural reserves demand the rapid development of new raw material resources. This paper presents the results of charge composition development based on low-plasticity clay, which has seen limited application due to the poor performance of items produced from it. However, certain functional additives can be introduced for producing high-quality materials. In this work, alongside lithium carbonate, the following additives have been considered: boric acid used as flux and titanium dioxide as a vitreous phase source. The lithium carbonate effect on total and open porosity, density, thermal conductivity, water absorption, frost resistance, compressive and bending strength has been studied. On the one hand lithium carbonate was found to demonstrate a pore-forming effect due to its decomposition during firing. On the other hand, lithium oxide formed during the additive decomposition facilitated the viscosity reduction of the vitreous phase during firing and its strength increase after cooling. Lithium oxide, similar to boric acid, is a flux, which makes further temperature reduction of liquid-phase sintering possible while preserving the surface self-glazing effect and the formation of the closed-pored internal structure of ceramics. The lithium carbonate pore-forming effect prevails over the flux-hardening and therefore, the amount this additive should be limited to obtain high performance properties and the compliance of resulting ceramics with regulatory requirements. The resulting ceramic material can be used for manufacturing products for buildings’ and structures’ plinth lining.</p> <p><strong><em>ABSTRAK: </em></strong>Pada masa kini, pengeluaran bahan dan barangan pembinaan adalah dalam gandaan tan dan aktif dibangunkan terutama dalam bidang pengeluaran. Keperluan pengawalseliaan bahan dan produk pembinaan menyediakan aplikasi penilaian kualiti dan kecekapan pembinaan atau pembinaan semula bangunan dan struktur. Peningkatan berterusan terhadap keperluan pengawalseliaan dan ketersediaan rizab semula jadi berkualiti tinggi yang terhad menuntut kepada pembangunan pesat sumber bahan mentah baru berkembang. Kajian ini memperkenalkan hasil pembangunan komposisi caj berdasarkan tanah liat keplastikan rendah, di mana aplikasi terhad kepada keburukan bahan yang dihasilkan, namun bahan tambahan tertentu boleh diperkenalkan bagi menghasilkan bahan berkualiti tinggi. Menggunakan litium karbonat bersama bahan tambahan berikut: asid borik digunakan sebagai fluks dan titanium dioksida sebagai sumber fasa vitreus, telah diambil kira dalam kajian ini. Kesan litium karbonat pada keliangan, ketumpatan, kekonduksian terma, penyerapan air, rintangan fros, kekuatan mampatan dan lenturan telah dikaji. Litium karbonat didapati menunjukkan kesan pembentukan liang dalam proses penguraian semasa pembakaran. Sebaliknya, litium oksida dibentuk semasa penguraian aditif dan membantu dalam pengurangan kelikatan fasa vitreus semasa pembakaran dan kekuatannya meningkat selepas penyejukan. Litium oksida, serupa dengan asid borik, adalah fluks, berpotensi menyebabkan suhu sinteran terus berkurang pada fasa cecair sambil mengekalkan kesan kilauan pada permukaan kaca dan menutup pembentukan struktur liang dalaman seramik. Kesan pembentukan liang litium karbonat adalah mengatasi pengerasan fluks. Oleh itu, jumlah bahan tambah ini harus dihadkan bagi mencapai piawaian dan prestasi tinggi seramik yang terhasil. Bahan seramik yang terhasil ini boleh digunakan sebagai lapisan plint bangunan dan struktur dalam pembuatan produk.</p>Lubov FilippovaAnastasiya AkimovaEvgeniy PikalovOleg Selivanov
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2024-01-012024-01-0125129139110.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2925