The Rules of Worships (Ibadat) for Those Affected by Floods: A Juristic Analytical Study
أحكام العبادات الخاصة بالمتضررين من الفيضانات: دراسة فقهية تحليلية
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31436/ijfus.v2iSpcl.75Abstract
This research addresses floods and how they affect the rules of worship (Ibadah) such as cleansing of oneself (Taharah), prayer (Salah), fasting (Sawm), alms (Zakah) and pilgrimage (Hajj). As much as the rules of Shariah relate to the acts of Mukallafin (who are legally competent to be responsible for religious duty), the effect of this kind of disaster reflects in the rules of victims’ actions, in terms of its obligation or not. The research confirms that floods are among the reasons that allow for the rule of reduction, ease and exemption from some parts of obligation in Islam (Rukhsah), because the situation is inconvenient and unbearable for the victims due to the hardship and necessity. So, considering their state of necessity, the rules of Fiqh related to worship will be based on these maxims: “Prevention and Eradication of Harm” and “Consideration of Ease and Reduction of Burden”. The inductive methodology is applied in the research by generating and collecting data from the sources, as well as the analytical methodology by analyzing the views of Islamic jurists on the topic. One of the main findings of the research is that floods have some adverse effects, such as bringing harm and damage to the people, putting the victims in a situation of unrest due to hardship and difficulty. In fact, the victims may be in the state of necessity; if some lives are lost. The victims of this disaster are permitted to use rules of RukhÎah in their worships, provided that hardship and necessity occur, and so that the removing and eradicating hardship and difficulty are required. This verdict is based on Shariah evidences such as the rule of analogy (Qiyas), means (Dharai') and unrestricted interests (Masalih Mursalah).
Keywords: Worships, Floods, Harm, Disaster, Concession
Downloads
Metrics
References
- Al-Ḥaṭṭāb, Muḥammad. 1992. Mawāhib Al-Jalīl FĪ Sharḥ Mukhtaṣar Al-Khalīl. Dār Al-Fikr
- Al-Asfahani, Al-Husayn. 1991. Al-Mufradāt FĪ Gharīb Al-Qur´Ān. Beirut, Dār Al-Shāmiyyah.
- Al-Bahisain, YaꜤkūb. 2003. QāꜤidah Al-Mashaqqah Tajlibu Al-Taysīr. Riyadh, Maktabah Al-Rushd.
- Al-Bahuti, Manṣūr. N.A. Kashshāf Al-QināꜤ Ꜥan Matn Al-IqnāꜤ. Beirut, Dār Al-Kutub Al-Ꜥilmiyyah.
- Al-Balāzurī, Aḥmad. 1988. Futūḥ Al-Buldān. Beirut, Maktabah Al-Hilāl.
- Al-Bākhī, Niẓām Al-Dīn. 1892. Al-Fatāwā Al-Hindiyyah. Dār Al-Fikr.
- Al-Bukhārī, Muḥammad. 2001. Ṣahīh Al-Bukhārī. Dār Tūq Al-Najāh.
- Al-DaꜤās, Ꜥizzat. 1989. Al-QawāꜤid Al-Fiqhiyyah. Damascus, Dār Al-Tirmīzī.
- Al-Dārquṭnī, Ꜥalī. 2004. Sunan Al-Dārquṭnī. Beirut, Mu´Assasah Al-Risālah.
- Al-Fayūmī, Aḥmad. N.A. Al-Miṣbāḥ Al-Munīr FĪ Gharīb Al-Sharḥ Al-Kabīr.
- Al-Fayruzabadi, Muḥammad. 2005. Al-Qāmūs Al-Muḥīṭ. Beirut, Mu´Assasah Al-Risālah.
- Al-Jaziri, Ꜥabd Al-Raḥmān. 2003. Al-Fiqh Ꜥalā Al-Madhāhib Al-ArbaꜤah. Beirut, Dār Al-Kutub Al-Ꜥilmiyyah.
- Al-Kāsānī, Abū Bakr. 1986. Badā´IꜤ Al-Ṣanā´IꜤ FĪ Tartīb Al-Sharā´IꜤ. Beirut, Dār Al-Kutub Al-Ꜥilmiyyah.
- Al-Khādimī, Nūr Al-Dīn. 2001. Ꜥilm Al-Maqāāid Al-SharꜤiyyah. Riyadh, Maktabah Al-Ꜥabikān.
- Al-Nadwi, Ꜥalī. 1994. Al-QawāꜤid Al-Fiqhiyyah. Beirut, Dār Al-Qalam.
- Al-Nawawi, Yaḥyā. 1991. Rawḍah Al-Ṭālibīn Wa Ꜥumdah Al-Muftīn. Beirut, Al-Maktab Al-Islāmī.
- Al-Nawawi, Yaḥyā. N.A. Al-MajmūꜤ Sharḥ Al-Muhadhdhab. Dār Al-Fikr.
- Al-Ṣāwī, Aḥmad. N.A. Ḥāshiyah Al-Ṣāwī Ꜥalā Al-Sharḥ Al-Ṣaghir. Dār Al-MaꜤārif.
- Al-Qaḥṭānī, Ṣāliḥ. 2000. MajmūꜤah Al-Fawā´Id Al-Bahiyyah Ꜥalā Manẓūmah Al-QawāꜤid Al-Fiqhiyyah. Saudi, Dār Al-ṢumayꜤī.
- Al-Qaraḍāwī, Yūsuf. 1973. Fiqh Al-Zakāh. Beirut, Mu´Assasah Al-Risālah.
- Al-Qarrāfī, Aḥmad. 1994. Al-Dhakhīrah. Beirut, Dār Al-Gharb Al-Islāmī.
- Al-Qurṭūbī, Muḥammad. 1964. Al-JāmiꜤ Li Aḥkām Al-Qur´Ān. Cairo, Dār Al-Kutub Al-Miṣriyyah.
- Al-Rāzī, Muḥammad. 1999. Mukhtār Al-Ṣiḥāḥ. Beirut, Al-Maktabah Al-Ꜥaṣriyyah.
- Al-Sadlan, Ṣāliḥ. 1996. Al-QawāꜤid Al-Fiqhiyyah Al-Kubrā Wa MĀ TafarraꜤa Minhā. Dammam, Dār Ibn Al-Jawzī.
- Al-Shawkānī, Muḥammad. 1993. Nayl Al-Awṭār. Egypt, Dār Al-Ḥadīth.
- Al-ShāfiꜤī, Muḥammad. 1990. Al-Umm. Beirut, Dār Al-MaꜤrifah.
- Al-Shāṭibī, Ibrāhīm. 1997. Al-Muwāfaqāt. Riyadh, Dār Ibn Ꜥaffān.
- Al-Shīrāzī, Ibrāhīm. N.A. Al-Muhadhdhab FĪ Al-Fiqh Al- ShāfiꜤī. Beirut, Dār Al-Kutub Al-Ꜥilmiyyah.
- Al-Suyūṭī, Ꜥabd Al-Raḥmān. 1990. Al-Ashbāh Wa Al-Naẓā´Ir. Beirut, Dār Al-Kutub Al-Ꜥilmiyyah.
- Al-Yubi, Muḥammad. 1998. Maqāṣid Al-SharīꜤah Al-Islāmiyyah Wa Alāqatuha Bi Al-Adillah Al-SharꜤiyyah. Riyadh, Dār Al-Hijrah.
- Al-Zubaydī, Muḥammad. N.A. Taj Al-Ꜥarūs Min Jawāhir Al-Qāmūs. Dār Al-Hidāyah.
- Al-Zuhayli, Wahbah. 2006. Al-QawāꜤid Al-Fiqhiyyah Wa Taṭbiqātuhā FĪ Al-Madhāhib Al-ArbaꜤah. Damascus, Dār Al-Fikr.
- Ibn Ḥazm, Ꜥalī. N.A. Al-Muḥallā Bi Al-´Āthār. Beirut, Dār Al-Fikr.`
- Ibn Abī Shaybah, Abū Bakr. 2008. Al-Muṣannaf FĪ Al-Aḥādīth Wa Al-´Āthār. Riyadh, Maktabah Al-Rushd.
- Ibn Al-Athir, Al-Mubārak. 1979. Al-Nihāyah FĪ Gharīb Al-Ḥadīth Wa Al-´Athar. Beirut, Al-Maktabah Al-Ilmiyyah.
- Ibn Al-Munzir, Muḥammad. 2004. Al-IjmāꜤ. Dār Al-Muslim.
- Ibn Al-Ꜥarabī, Muḥammad. 2003. Aḥkām Al-Qur´Ān. Beirut, Dār Al-Kutub Al-Ꜥilmiyyah.
- Ibn Al-Subki, Ꜥabd Al-Wahhāb. 1991. Al-Ashbāh Wa Al-Naẓā´Ir. Beirut, Dār Al-Kutub Al-Ꜥilmiyyah.
- Ibn Daqīq, Muḥammad. 1995. Iḥkām Al-Aḥkām Sharḥ Ꜥumdah Al-Aḥkām. Dār Al-Jayl.
- Ibn Hajar, Aḥmad. 1994. Al-Iṣābah FĪ Tamyīz Al-Ṣaḥābah. Beirut, Dār Al-Kutub Al-Ꜥilmiyyah.
- Ibn Manzur, Muḥammad. 1993. Lisān Al-Ꜥarab. Beirut, Dār Ṣādir.
- Ibn Mājah, Muḥammad. 2009. Sunan Ibn Mājah. Beirut, Dār Iḥyā´ Al-Kutub Al-Ꜥarabiyyah.
- Ibn Ꜥabd Al-Salām, Abd Al-Aziz. 1991. QawāꜤid Al-Aḥkām FĪ Maṣāliḥ Al-´Anām. Beirut, Dār Al-Kutub Al-Ꜥilmiyyah.
- Ibn Ꜥāshūr, Muḥammad. 2004. Maqāṣid Al-SharīꜤah Al-Islāmiyyah. Qatar, Wizārah Al-Awqāf.
- Ibn Nujaym, Zayn Al-Dīn. 1999. Al-Ashbāh Wa Al-Naẓā´Ir. Beirut, Dār Al-Kutub Al-Ꜥilmiyyah.
- Ibn Qayyim, Muḥammad. 2009. IꜤlām Al-MuwaqqiꜤīn Ꜥan Rabb Al-Ꜥālamīn. Saudi, Dār Ibn Al-Jawzī.
- Ibn Qudamah, Ꜥabdullāh. 1994. Al-Kāfī FĪ Fiqh Al-Imām Aḥmad. Beirut, Dār Al-Kutub Al-Ꜥilmiyyah.
- Ibn Qudāmah, Ꜥabdullāh. 1968. Al-Mughnī. Maktabah Al-Qāhirah.
- Ibn Rajab, Ꜥabd Al-Raḥmān. 2001. JāmiꜤ Al-Ꜥulūm Wa Al-Ḥikam. Beirut, Mu´Assasah Al-Risālah.
- Ibn Rushd, Muḥammad. 2004. Bidāyah Al-Mujtahid Wa Nihāyah Al-Muqtaṣid. Cairo, Dār Al-Ḥadīth.
- Ibn Taymiyyah, Aḥmad. 1987. Al-Fatāwā Al-Kubrā. Beirut, Dār Al-Kutub Al-Ꜥilmiyyah.
- Ibn Taymiyyah, Aḥmad. 1995. MajmūꜤ Al-Fatāwā. Medina, MajmaꜤ Al-Malik Fahd.
- ꜤAṭīf, Ibrāhīm. 2000. ´Āthār Al-Khawf FĪ Al-Aḥkām Al-Fiqhiyyah. Riyadh, Maktabah Al-Rushd.
- ꜤUmar, Aḥmad. 2008. MuꜤjam Al-Lughah Al-Ꜥarabiyyah Al-MuꜤāṣirah. Ꜥālam Al-Kutub.
- Sābiq, Sayyid. 1977. Fiqh Al-Sunnah. Beirut, Dār Al-Kitāb Al-Ꜥarabī.
- Shaltūt, Maḥmūd. 2001. Al-Islām Ꜥaqīdatan Wa SharīꜤatan. Cairo, Dār Al-Shurūq.
- Shibīr, Muḥammad. 2007. Al-QawāꜤid Al-Kulliyah Wa Al-Ḍawābiṭ Al-Fiqhiyyah FĪ Al-SharīꜤah Al-Islāmiyyah. Amman, Dār Al-Nafā´is.
- Wizārah Al-Awqāf, 2006. Al-MawsūꜤah Al-Fiqhiyyah Al-Kuwaitīyah. Egypt, MaṭābiꜤ Dār Al-Ṣafwah.
- Zaydān, Ꜥabd Al-Karīm. 1993. Al-Mufaṣṣal FĪ Aḥkām Al-Mar´Ah Wa Al-Bayt FĪ Al-SharīꜤah Al-Islāmiyyah. Beirut, Mu´Assasah Al-Risālah.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 IIUM Press
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The IIUM journal follows the open access policy.
Consent to publish: The Author(s) agree to publish their articles with IIUM Press.
Declaration: The Author(s) declare that the article has not been published before in any form and that it is not concurrently submitted to another publication, and also that it does not infringe on anyone’s copyright. The Author(s) holds the IIUM Press and Editors of the journal harmless against all copyright claims.
Transfer of copyright: The Author(s) hereby agree to transfer the copyright of the article to IIUM Press, which shall have the exclusive and unlimited right to publish the article in any form, including in electronic media. However, the Author(s) will reserve the right to reproduce the article for educational and scientific purposes provided that the written consent of the Publisher is obtained. For the article with more than one author, the corresponding author confirms that he/she is authorized by his/her co-author(s) to grant this transfer of copyright.
